Friday, December 27, 2019

Governance And Enterprise Restructuring Of Macedonia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2654 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Abstract: This paper is a case study of the Republic of Macedonia (Southeast Europe), which focuses on examining governance and enterprise restructuring. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Governance And Enterprise Restructuring Of Macedonia" essay for you Create order Governance and enterprise restructuring is already defined indicator in EBRDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s studies and transition reports, measuring the effective corporate governance and corporate control exercised through domestic financial institutions and markets, fostering market-driven restructuring. As of the beginning of the transition process, governance and enterprise restructuring remains in the center, as essential pillar, that moves forward the society towards developed market economy. The data used in this article are analyzed with an econometric regression model, which as employed in this study examines the interrelationships between governance and enterprise restructuring and set of policies that influence the governance patterns. JEL Classifications: G30, G32, G38; L33; O11; P31 Keywords: governance, corporate governance, management strategy, transition, Southeast Europe, Macedonia Acknowledgements: I would like to thank Prof. Nicola Bellini for the continuous support, as well as, the PhD Program in Management and MAIN Lab of Scuola Superiore SantAnna, Pisa, Italy Introduction The research in this paper is to be focused on examining governance and enterprise restructuring in Southeast Europe economies and in particular a case study of the Republic of Macedonia. EBRD has governance and enterprise restructuring as basic indicator of economic transition and defines it as effective corporate governance and corporate control exercised through domestic financial institutions and markets, fostering market-driven restructuring. The corporate governance is most often defined in terms of the roles, responsibilities, and interactions of top management and the board of directors. Using data of South-East Europe i.e. case study of Macedonia, will be examined the interrelationships between governance and enterprise restructuring and set of policies that influence the governance patterns. Literature Review There are several contemporary theories that set the foundations of governance and enterprise restructuring within a framework important for this research. The institutional setting is of essence when governance and enterprise restructuring is analyzed in transition economies. Further, the literature on corporate governance is extensive and is linked to important theories, of which the agency theory is fundamentally predominant. The established agency theory highlights the function of corporate governance in the overall enterprise restructuring, ensuring that the firm protects the interests of shareholders in a given institutional context . Thus, the institutional setting has impact on the outcome of companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ performance through the very nature of countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ownership structure and policies undertaken to shape the governance system. When companies are analyzed, it is important to state the presence of different agency conflicts between shareholders and management in a given ownership structure of each country. Hence, different countries have divergent governance systems leading to variations in the nat ure of the agency problems, where according to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"law and economicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ viewpoint, legal systems craft institutional specificities . The literature further proposes that different national governance systems are also influenced by cultural and historical features in addition to their specific legal system . The links between agency theory and institutional theory explain that divergences in national institutions may have significant impact on the effectiveness of governance at the firm level . The law and economics approach (e.g., ) puts the focus on the fact that the ability to enforce financial contracts and thus increase the effectiveness of governance depends on institutional characteristics . Further, it is stated that in order to complete the frame already set by the agency theory it is necessary to merge it with institutional theory . There are two principal strings of institutional theory fitted to the analysis: a) the first, origins in political science and b) the second is derived from organizational theory . The political science approach focuses on the setup where political and economic institutions create incentives for managers and the way the outcomes are shaped. On the other hand, the organizational theory approach is concerned with the adjusting function of organizations while creating the institutional environment. In this regard, Aggarwal and Goodell argue that national corporate governance differences between countries used in their study are determined by legal, cultural, and other national characteristics . 1. Corporate Strategies in transition economy environment As countries undergo serious system transformations the managers are faced with complex decision-making environment , and thus it is closely regarded that the performance of large enterprises should be linked to managerial flexibility in making strategic decisions within the context of the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s governance. Furthermore, there arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t many sources that can point towards emerging corporate governance mechanisms in South-East Europe, although prior research suggests that independent managers and board of directors (corporate governance) may be an important necessity for managerial ability to undertake performance-enhancing strategies . Before restructuring, the revenues were generated by monopolistic structure through a handful of specialized state-owned companies. As the reforms progressed towards free market economy in environment with sluggish internal demand, adopting better strategies may be closely linked to better financial performance of the fir m . Moreover, we can see that previous research has linked strategies with performance , and governance directly with performance , and consequently in this research we will make an essay to implement the governance and enterprise restructuring EBRD indicator as measure against set of policies. Economic reforms introduced in Southeast Europe aimed at increasing enterprise efficiency and making their products internationally competitive and thus reforms were tied with structural crisis . The pre-reform environment that was characterized by import protection and export promotion through monopolistic, state-owned foreign trade companies which in many terms crippled the enterprises to meet overseas threats and as a result made the internationalization of their work very difficult. As liberalization of the market forces and privatization progressed they were meant to eliminate the constraints imposed on managers by state ownership and command economy system . In the case of the Southeast Europe, companies were privatized using range of methods . Thus, the privatization process resulted with diverse range of ownership structures and governance mechanisms . The corporate governance affects enterprises restructuring and financial performance . Indeed, when firms from transition economies are involved in international activities, they are likely to develop their capabilities . As a consequence of the peculiar characteristics of the capital markets in South-East Europe i.e. lack of well developed capital markets, limited portfolio diversification and liquidity, it is often stated that large shareholders could wish to utilize potential upside of a particular business strategy, but they are frequently restrained and affected adversely by the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s idiosyncratic risk . Due to this phenomenon they chose to impose sub-optimal strategies on managers. Moreover, large shareholders in transition countries where the protection of minority investors is low, most often endeavor to take advantage of their power and grasp à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“private benefits of controlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. This à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"expropriationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ can be found in a range of forms, such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"related party transactions, use of transfer pricing, assets stripping and other forms of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“tunnellingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of revenue and assets from firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ . Therefore, in such economies high ownership concentration was investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ response to low levels of protection of minority shareholders in emerging markets . Even though we analyze and focus specifically on Macedonia, variations in governance regimes indicate sufficient international analyses of governance and enterprise restructuring in the specific group of economies that undergo serious difficulties in transformation. Corporate governance and enterprise restructuring in Macedonia 1. Institutional and legal framework The institutional framework is essential in the development of the governance and enterprise restructuring process. There institutions that carry of the process are the Securities Commission and the Macedonian Stock Exchange and are aided by the Central Securities Depository . The legal framework is comprised of sets of laws and regulations including the first 1996 Company Law its enactment of 2004, as well as, the Securities Law, the Law on Takeovers, the Bankruptcy Law, and the Macedonian Stock Exchangeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s corporate governance code and listing rules . 2. Overall assessment of corporate governance characteristics Macedoniaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s corporate governance model is consistently built since the beginning of transition to modern market economy. Thus, it complies with the notion that each country shapes its particular way of governance due to its own history, culture, and legal and regulatory framework . The main characteristics of the Macedonian corporate governance model are : Gradual concentration of ownership which is reflected through policies leading to dispersed ownership structure of companies to become concentrated over time in a more regular manner. As 2007 IFC Corporate Governance Manual for Macedonian Companies indicates around 300,000 individuals become shareholders in the first phase of the privatization process. Later the process reinforced itself and eventually resulted with 255,000 in 2004 and 105,000 in August 2007 individuals as shareholders. This was result due imposed regulatory reform (Company Law, 1996) and also the development of the capital market urging for voluntary decisions of shareholders to sell their shares on the Macedonian Stock Exchange, characterized with constant default on minority shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and investor protection during this period. However, with creation of the Central Securities Depository (state authority for securities registration), the quality of the process had improved. Company shareholders as company employees and vice-versa, describes the phenomenon of the dual role and mutual interaction of these two categories as most of the employees are at the same time shareholders in the company. Thus, there is conflict in the rights and the duties as these two roles, which in essence oppose themselves and exclude each other. Indeed, this characteristic is problem of many transition economies and needs time to be resolved, while is still producing mixed outcomes. As a consequence of the previous two, there is the third main characteristic of the Macedonian economy in light of governance and enterprise restructuring i.e. lack of separation of companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ownership from companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s control. This practice, despite the introduced regulation, is still lagging, hence the unfortunate problem where majority-vote shareholders who most often hold companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ top positions, trigger overwhelming influence over comprehensive daily work of the enterprise. Further, this reduces and prevents the control systemsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ vigilance and reporting to and from shareholders and investors. The forth important feature derived from the previous, is the inadequate oversight of managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s work. This is due the fact that members of the supervisory board are individuals with lack of experience directly appointed by the controlling majority shareholders or in submission to the very persons that they are supposed to control. Research hypotheses Two basic hypotheses to test governance and enterprise restructuring: 1st Hypothesis: Governance and enterprise restructuring depend on set of policies : large-scale privatization, small-scale privatization, price liberalization, competition policy, trade and foreign exchange system, banking reform and interest rate liberalization, securities markets and non-bank financial institutions and overall infrastructure reform; and , 2nd Hypothesis: Governance and enterprise restructuring is significant and improves over time due to imposed policies. Sample selection and Data It this paper it is used the same econometric model as in the first article. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) Transition Report series have the latest information on the countries that are classified in transition. The data that this prominent organization offers are based on wide network of sources that they obtain from national and international authorities . EBRD tracks reforms and assesses the overall process of transition using set of transition indicators, which are formed in comparison to the standards of industrialized market economies. Further, the data sample is mainly drawn from the extended research and data bases of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the Transition Report publication series. Consequently, the data used in this research are taken from their index structure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"economic statistics and forecastsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ . The scale used in shaping the transition indicators ranges from 1 to 4+, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"where 1 represents little or no change from a rigid centrally planned economy and 4+ represents the standards of an industrialized market economyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ . There are detailed numbers for the countries in transition analyzing the period of 1989 to 2009 in different areas. These indicators are sorted by sector and country and are analyzing nine arias: large scale privatization, small scale privatization, governance and enterprise restructuring, price liberalization, trade and foreign exchange system, competition policy, banking reform and interest rate lib eralization, securities markets and non-bank financial institutions, and overall infrastructure reform .   Model and Econometrics The econometric model that is used in this study is a regression model where we have estimated the fallowing equation : (1) (2) Thus, applied to our research this model has the fallowing shape: (3) where the dependent variable, . shows governance and enterprise restructuring; the independent variables, are as follows : large-scale privatization; small-scale privatization; price liberalization; competition policy; trade and foreign exchange system; banking reform and interest rate liberalization; securities markets and non-bank financial institutions; overall infrastructure reform;   is a  p-dimensional  parameter vector ;   is the  error term or  noise. Results and Effects The first hypothesis is that governance and enterprise restructuring depend on set of policies: large-scale privatization, small-scale privatization, price liberalization, competition policy, trade and foreign exchange system, banking reform and interest rate liberalization, securities markets and non-bank financial institutions and overall infrastructure reform. The transition theory explains well the effects of privatization, restructuring, competition, budget constraints, policies of governance and management . The country results of the OLS regression for Macedonia (Figure 2) show that there are good results on correlation and dependence of governance and enterprise restructuring to large-scale privatization. However, the coefficients are negative pointing towards possible lag of governance mostly because of country specific dispersed ownership and agency conflicts as analyzed before (CG Manuel-IFC, 2007). The variable explaining trade and foreign exchange system and its relation to GOV behaves with mixed outcome depending on the model. Further, the price liberalization variable shows good results and there is good evidence and correlation between countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s governance, as well as, positive impact on GOV. The banking reform of the system and the interest rate liberalization demonstrated good results in contribution to the governance and enterprise restructuring. In this analysis the overall infrastructure reform has given important input in improving the overall economic governance, but the negative sign suggests some concern, as the disinvestment in infrastructure is constant lag in transition countries. On the other hand, governance and enterprise restructuring have strong relation to the small-scale privatization; competition policy and securities markets and non-bank financial institutions. In the case of these variables, the models have shown evidence i.e. p 0.001(and p 0.05). Figure I. Results of OLS on Macedonia The second hypothesis is that the variable governance and enterprise restructuring is significant and improves over time due to imposed policies. In the analysis (Figure 1) the results confirm this hypothesis with some mixed outcomes i.e. sluggishly improves over time. In fact, the close relation with number of these policies shows the significant impact of these policies to the way the governance and enterprise restructuring was imposed, positively or negatively. Thus, there is significant correlation to SSP, CP, BRIRL and SMNBFI, presenting outcomes to how each of these variables impacts GOV. Nonetheless, over time most of the variables improved and it is clear that there is relationship between them moving upwards. Further in Figure 2 we can see the movements of governance and enterprise restructuring over time. Also, in this case the analyzed variable moved alongside the increase of the other variables and towards positive upward climb. Figure 3 indicates that even though there is positive movement up, governance and enterprise restructuring is still at the bottom of estimated policiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ progress. Figure I. Macedoniaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Governance and Enterprise Restructuring Figure I. Indicatorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Dynamics Discussion On the first assumption that governance and enterprise restructuring depend on imposed set of policies, the analysis showed that there are mixed outcomes. There are positive and negative influences that eventually bring satisfactory picture for the overall governance and enterprise restructuring. On the other hand, due to analysis of the second assumption it is clear that as the transition process progressed along with the imposed reforms and there is a positive inclination of governance and enterprise restructuring. However, there is still more to be done in order to bring these economies closer to the standards of developed ones. Indeed, it is needed considerable improvement of corporate governance, institution-building to control agency problems and imposing already adopted regulation, as well as, enforcing new enterprise restructuring policies, within existing policies of overall transition economy restructuring.

Thursday, December 19, 2019

A Focus On Learning Disabilities Essay - 798 Words

Identify a Topic With a focus on learning disabilities, articles have been found using the University of Central Florida’s library database search with the keywords â€Å"learning disability† and â€Å"survey† and inclusion criteria of peer-reviewed articles that were published between the years 2006-2016. Four Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles â€Å"Post School Goals and Transition Services for Students with Learning Disabilities† (Alfred Daviso, Stephen Denny, Robert Baer, and Robert Flexer published, 2011) determined that students with disabilities have higher demands for employment with postsecondary education, that there is a correlation between the level of involvement in vocational education or postsecondary education that included mainstream classes and desires for employment or postsecondary education, respectively, and that students believed the employment preparation was highly satisfactory, postsecondary preparation was mediocre, and preparation for independent living and community outreach was unsatisfactory. â€Å"Implementation of a Writing Strategy for Students with Learning Disabilities in a Rural Setting† (Kathleen Gabriel and Teresa Davis, 2015) revealed that the precision of the execution of the Strategic Instructional Model (SIM) used did impact student s’ gains in writing and that some issues arose that got in the way of the execution of the model (e.g., students enrolling late in the program, teachers struggling to complete certain criteria in a timely manner, andShow MoreRelatedThe Data Collecting Process And The Online Survey1064 Words   |  5 Pages7.1 Introduction and summary This chapter will phase in the presentation of the findings and the analysis from the focus group (phase 1 of the data collecting process) and the online survey (phase 2 of the data collecting process). 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Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Legal Obligations in Preparing Tender Documentation

Questions: You are employed as a contract manager for Transport Australia (TA) you are required to prepare tender documentation for a universal ticketing system the system is quite complex and it requires substantial investment in novel transport modes and associated hardware and software. You have a limited budget to prepare tender specification and are told that any failings in the tender package may be covered by a Disclaimer Clause. 1. What are your legal obligations in preparing tender documentation? Describe the obligations and what legal responsibilities you have to the tenderers. Is there are contract with all the tenderers. 2. What are disclaimer clauses and in what circumstances may they be effective 3. You notice that you have in the past done some consultancy to one of the tenderers Dominant Systems (DS) What are your obligations in assessing the tender and duties to other tenderers 4. One of the tenderers provides further information after the tender is closed. What are your legal obligations and options? Answer: 1. Legal obligations in preparing tender documentation There were no legal obligations in a tender earlier as they were not considered to be binding legally. But the courts started to recognize the contractual nature of the tender and the relationship of the parties involved in it. There is an implied obligation between the parties to a contract (Hughes Aircraft Systems International v. Airservices Australia, [1997]), if they intended to create a contractual relationship. Tender documents contains conditions of the contract and various other specific criterias, these conditions and criterias become a part of the contract, and it important that to draft them diligently. The things that need to be kept in mind to draft a tender document as it has been recognized to be as legally binding are (Carter, 2013): the rules which will apply to the tender process; the rights of the tendering party to terminate the tender and the liabilities of the tenderers. In IPEX ITG Pty Ltd v State of Victoria, (2010) the courts have revised the implication of drafting of a tender document, the court sets out various points to make a tender document legally binding if there exists a process contract. Key points are: A process contract arises if the tender document contains the requirements that are to be fulfilled by the tenderers in making the submissions for the tender and the conditions of evaluation (Bailey, Bell and Bell, 2011). If the principle does not intend to create a process contract then the draft must be made accordingly. The breach of the process contract can be made enforceable by the principal by creating a provision for reserving the rights I such a matter by the principal. The tender document must contain the rights of the principal along with the terms and conditions of the contract, along with a negotiations provision. The method of evaluation must not be inconsistent with the representations that the principal has made. Any departure from the RFTs process of evaluation must be mentioned in the tender itself. The process contract is with all the tenderers as the tender has been provided to all those who accepts it. Hence, as the tender is accepted it creates a legal relationship between the parties to the process contract. 2. What are disclaimer clauses and in what circumstances may they be effective. Disclaimer clauses are those clauses that the principal (tendering party) puts in the tender document to exclude some conditions or a part of the tender document from forming a part of the process contract. Such disclaimer clauses are made to protect the rights of the principal and in case there is a breach of the terms of the contract then the principal has the right to invalidate the entire tender (Ciro and Symes, 2012). These disclaimer clauses protect the principal when there is a change brought to the tender, because if the principal makes certain representations and they are false or they are not abided by then the principal can get into trouble for misleading and deceptive conduct under section 18 of the Australian Consumer Law. Hence disclaimer clauses for reserving the rights of the parties need to be added. In J S McMillan v Commonwealth of Australia [1997] FCA 619, the proposal to the tender had pricing mistakes which were later rectified by t tenderer, but the court held that Commonwealth of Australia misled McMillan (tenderer) by not stating that saying that if there is a failure in correcting the errors would invalidate the contract. Hence, the tenderers tender cannot be dismissed. Disclaimer clauses can also be in the form of a privilege clause, which reserves the rights of the principal to make changes. In Halifax (Regional Municipality) v Amber Contracting Limited (2009) court held that the tendering party has the right to reserve privileges to it (Haar and Haar, 2010). 3. Obligations in assessing the tender and duties to other tenderers The obligations in assessing the tender are that it must create a legal relationship between the parties and a process contract is created. The duties of the principal towards the tenderers are to maintain fairness, disclosure and not to mislead or deceive them. If the principal receives a benefit from a tenderer whose tender has not been accepted then such a tenderer must be provided with some recitative payment for the work done. In Hughes Aircraft Systems International v. Airservices Australia, (1997) case the court held that silence and non disclosure in case there are some changes to the process of tendering could lead to misleading and deceptive conduct (Latimer, 2010). 4. One of the tenderers provides further information after the tender is closed. What are your legal obligations and options? Information provided after the tender is closed can lead to breach of the tender and could invalidate the process tender, unless otherwise provided. This is because the principal has a right to terminate if there are any inconsistencies in the tender process contract. In JJ Richards Sons Pty Ltd v Bowen Shire Council (2008), the tendering party terminated the tender and invited new tender invitations, after one of the tenderer submitter the tender late. Another tenderer claimed that the tendering party cannot terminate it, but the court held that the tendering party reserves the rights of terminating the tender at any time (Turner and Trone, 2013). Is there a contract that applies to all the tenderers? Explain The terms of the tender document shall speak if there is a contract or not as in certain cases it has been held that the principal might not intend to create a process contract. But if there is a process contract then the contract applies to all the tenderers and not to selected tenderers (Vickery and Flood, 2012). Can you claim the costs expended in the preparation of the tender? A tenderer is not entitled to the costs it expended in preparing an unsuccessful tender but a tenderer might be eligible for restitution of the payment that it incurred for the work done if the tendering party has received some benefit out of that work (Sealy and Hooley, 2009). You find that one of the directors of Tickets-R-Us previously worked for the government agency letting the tender. Actions taken in reviewing the tender process and further information required to assess whether it is appropriate to review the tender process In this situation the tender process can be reviewed and the information about the changes needs to be made to all the tenderers. But such a review is warranted only if the tender document has already reserved the rights of principal for making any change to the process contract. In the pocess of assessment of the tender modifications can be made if the assessment is done in good faith. In Pratt Contractors Ltd v Transit New Zealand (2003), the court held the change in assessment to be valid as it was done in good faith, which means acting honestly and treating all the tenderers equally (Andrews, 2013). You also find that Universal Systems was provided with some further information not available to the other two tenderers. What action can you take to review the tender? Tender can be reviewed in the light of acting in good faith as to providing all the tenderers an equal opportunity, as was held in Pratt Contractors Ltd v Transit New Zealand (2003) (Adriaanse, 2010). References Cases: Superior IP International Pty Ltd v Ahearn Fox Patent and Trade Mark Attorneys (2012) FCA (Federal Court of Australia), p. 282 Hooper Bailie Associated Ltd v Natcon Group Pty Ltd (1992) NSWLR, p.210 Aiton Australian Pty Ltd v Transfield Pty Ltd (1999) 153 FLR 236 Von Schultz v Attorney-General (2000) QCA 406 Statutes: Commercial Arbitration Act 2010 Arbitration (Civil Actions) Act 1983 (NSW) Ethical Guidelines for Mediators ( Law Council of Australia) 2011 Books Adriaanse, J. (2010).Construction contract law. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Alexander, N. (2009).International and comparative mediation. Austin: Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Andrews, N. (2013).Contract law. Cambridge University Press. Bailey, I. and Bell, M. (2008).Understanding Australian construction contracts. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters. Bailey, I., Bell, M. and Bell, C. (2011).Construction law in Australia. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia. Brooker, P. (2013).Mediation Law: Journey Through Institutionalism to Juridification. Routledge. Carter, J. (2013).The construction of commercial contracts. Oxford: Hart Pub. Ciro, T. and Symes, C. (2012).Corporations law. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited. Cole, S., McEwen, C., Rogers, N., Coben, J., Thompson, P. and Callaghan, C. (2011).Mediation. Eagan, MN: West. Davenport, P. (2010). Practical Guide to Engineering and Construction Contracts.AJCEB, 10(4), p.75. Haar, R. and Haar, C. (2010).Remedies in construction law. London: Informa Law. Latimer, P. (2010).Australian business law 2012. North Ryde, N.S.W.: CCH Australia. Legg, M. (2013).Mass Settlements in Australia. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Sealy, L. and Hooley, R. (2009).Commercial law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Spencer, D. and Altobelli, T. (2005).Dispute resolution in Australia. Sydney: Lawbook Co. Spencer, D. and Brogan, M. (2006).Mediation law and practice. New York: Cambridge University Press. Turner, C. and Trone, J. (2013).Australian commercial law. Sydney: Lawbook Co. Vickery, R. and Flood, M. (2012).Australian business law. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

The Battle of Wilsons Creek free essay sample

A report on the often overlooked battle of the Civil War at Wilsons Creek, just outside of Springfield, MO. This paper describes the battle of Wilsons Creek, which is often overlooked when recounting Civil War skirmishes. The writer includes a complete order of the battle and identifies several notables in this battle, among others Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon and Colonel Franz Sigel. On the edge of the meadow was a low rail fence; the Rebels rallied under the shelter of it, and, as if by some inspiration or immediate change of orders, they broke it down in places and started for our artillery. As they got nearer to us, their own artillery ceased firing, because it endangered them. When they got close the firing began on both sides. How long it lasted I do not know; it was probably 20 minutes. Every man was shooting as fast, on our side, as he could load, and yelling as loud as his breath would permit. We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle of Wilsons Creek or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most were on the ground, some on one knee. The foe stopped advancing.(Bearss, 109) Thats the way it was on August 10, 1861, as seen through the eyes of a soldier from Kansas in Union service. The field of battle is silent now, broken only by the occasional tourist, school group, historian, or Civil War reenactment group camped on the site. Now administered by the National Park Service, the area known as Wilsons Creek National Battlefield was the site of some of the most savage fighting on American soil up to that time. The carnage of Shiloh, Antietam, Gettysburg, and Cold Harbor were still far in the future.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

3 Types of Quotation Errors

3 Types of Quotation Errors 3 Types of Quotation Errors 3 Types of Quotation Errors By Mark Nichol In the following sentences, something about the treatment of a quotation interferes with comprehension. Discussion of the error, and a revision of the sentence, follows each example. 1. â€Å"We are seeing our efforts having some effect on their financial flows. And it’s difficult to get a handle on just how much because of the different illicit ways in which they are handling their finances, but you’ve seen the efforts that our military has taken to take out cash-storage sites, and I think it is our hope and expectation that that will have demonstrable effects. On what order of magnitude, I think it’s difficult to say,† said Lisa Monaco, President Barack Obama’s counterterrorism adviser. It is not until the end of this seventy-seven-word statement that we learn who said it. Attribution of a speaker or writer should occur much sooner, preferably at the end of the first of two or more sentences, or even interrupting two independent clauses within the first sentence: â€Å"We are seeing our efforts having some effect on their financial flows,† said Lisa Monaco, President Barack Obama’s counterterrorism adviser. â€Å"And it’s difficult . . . .† 2. At times, I would succumb to a, â€Å"I’m not sure they’re going to make it† mind-set. When a quotation that represents a categorical statement follows the article a/an or the, no punctuation should precede the quotation: â€Å"At times, I would succumb to a ‘I’m not sure they’re going to make it’ mind-set.† (The phrase can also be written without quotation marks but linked by hyphens: â€Å"At times, I would succumb to a I’m-not-sure-they’re-going-to-make-it mind-set.† However, because that extended phrasal adjective could conceivably be spoken, and it is cumbersome as a hyphenated phrase, the format treating it as a quotation is preferable.) 3. She rallied the crowd by crying â€Å"shame on you, John.† The verb that precedes this quotation should be followed by a comma, and the first word should be capitalized. Also, a cry is a loudly delivered statement, so an exclamation point is appropriate: â€Å"She rallied the crowd by crying, ‘Shame on you, John!’† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of LanguageWhat is Dative Case?35 Synonyms for Rain and Snow

Sunday, November 24, 2019

OptionParser Command-Line Options the Ruby Way

OptionParser Command-Line Options the Ruby Way Ruby comes equipped with a powerful and flexible tool to parse command-line options, OptionParser. Once you learn how to use this, youll never go back to looking through ARGV manually. OptionParser has a number of features that make it quite appealing to Ruby programmers. If youve ever parsed options by hand in Ruby or C, or with the getoptlong C function, youll see how welcome some of these changes are. OptionParser is DRY. You only have to write the command-line switch, its arguments, the code to run when its encountered, and the command-line switch description once in your script. OptionParser will automatically generate help screens for you from this description, as well as infer everything about the argument from its description. For example, it will know the file [FILE] option is optional and takes a single argument. Also, it will know that [-no]-verbose is really two options and will accept both forms.OptionParser will automatically convert options to a specific class. If the option takes an integer, it can convert any string passed on the command-line to an integer. This cuts down on some of the tedium involved in parsing command-line options.Everything is very contained. All of the options are in the same place, and the effect of the option is right along-side the definition for the option. If options have to be added, changed or someone simply wants to see what they do, the re is only one place to look. Once the command-line is parsed, a single Hash or OpenStruct will hold the results. Enough Already, Show Me Some Code So heres a simple example of how to use OptionParser. It doesnt use any of the advanced features, just the basics. There are three options, and one of them takes a parameter. All of the options are mandatory. There are the -v/verbose and -q/quick options, as well as the -l/logfile FILE option. Additionally, the script takes a list of files independent of the options. #!/usr/bin/env ruby # A script that will pretend to resize a number of images require optparse # This hash will hold all of the options # parsed from the command-line by # OptionParser. options {} optparse OptionParser.new do|opts|   Ã‚  # Set a banner, displayed at the top   Ã‚  # of the help screen.   Ã‚  opts.banner Usage: optparse1.rb [options] file1 file2 ...   Ã‚  # Define the options, and what they do   Ã‚  options[:verbose] false   Ã‚  opts.on( -v, verbose, Output more information ) do   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  options[:verbose] true   Ã‚  end   Ã‚  options[:quick] false   Ã‚  opts.on( -q, quick, Perform the task quickly ) do   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  options[:quick] true   Ã‚  end   Ã‚  options[:logfile] nil   Ã‚  opts.on( -l, logfile FILE, Write log to FILE ) do|file|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  options[:logfile] file   Ã‚  end   Ã‚  # This displays the help screen, all programs are   Ã‚  # assumed to have this option.   Ã‚  opts.on( -h, help, Display this s creen ) do   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  puts opts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  exit   Ã‚  end end # Parse the command-line. Remember there are two forms # of the parse method. The parse method simply parses # ARGV, while the parse! method parses ARGV and removes # any options found there, as well as any parameters for # the options. Whats left is the list of files to resize. optparse.parse! puts Being verbose if options[:verbose] puts Being quick if options[:quick] puts Logging to file #{options[:logfile]} if options[:logfile] ARGV.each do|f|   Ã‚  puts Resizing image #{f}...   Ã‚  sleep 0.5 end Examining the Code To start off with, the optparse library is required. Remember, this isnt a gem. It comes with Ruby, so theres no need to install a gem or require rubygems before optparse. There are two interesting objects in this script. The first is options, declared at the top-most scope. Its a simple empty hash. When options are defined, they write their default values to this hash. For example, the default behavior is for this script to not be verbose, so options[:verbose] is set to false. When options are encountered on the command-line, theyll change the values in options to reflect their effect. For example, when -v/verbose is encountered, it will assign true to options[:verbose]. The second interesting object is optparse. This is the OptionParser object itself. When you construct this object, you pass it a block. This block is run during construction and will build a list of options in internal data structures, and get ready to parse everything. Its in this block that all the magic happens. You define all the options here. Defining Options Each option follows the same pattern. You first write the default value into the hash. This will happen as soon as the OptionParser is constructed. Next, you call the on method, which defines the option itself. There are several forms of this method, but only one is used here. The other forms allow you to define automatic type conversions and sets of values an option is restricted to. The three arguments used here are the short form, long form, and description of the option. The on method will infer a number of things from the long form. One thing is will infer is the presence of any parameters. If there are any parameters present on the option, it will pass them as parameters to the block. If the option is encountered on the command-line, the block passed to the on method is run. Here, the blocks dont do much, they just set values in the options hash. More could be done, such as checking that a file referred to exists, etc. If there are any errors, exceptions can be thrown from these blocks. Finally, the command-line is parsed. This happens by calling the parse! method on an OptionParser object. There are actually two forms of this method, parse and parse!. As the version with the exclamation point implies, it is destructive. Not only does it parse the command-line, but it will remove any options found from ARGV. This is an important thing, it will leave only the list of files supplied after the options in ARGV.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Aging in Western Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aging in Western Society - Essay Example Something that is intrinsic to every individual in the world we live in, be the person a he or she, white, black or brown from whatever gender, language or age. This inherent dignity of men and women behooves us to treat all of them as equals. Why should the elderly therefore not have the care, the services, or privileges that children, youth and younger men and women have? The case could be made out that they should have more as the majority of them have already served society by caring and working in various ways. Even if they have been mere consumers they have contributed in untold ways to the profit of conglomerates and the existence of generations after them. There is a debt of gratitude that is owed to them which cannot be ignored or swept aside because they have aged. Because they were, we are. Mental ascent alone that the elderly should be cared for alone will not do. We should put our money where our mouth is. We must ensure that there is adequate care for the elderly. A tho rough investigation has to be undertaken as to the resources enjoyed by this segment of society compared to other demographic segments and the affect it has on their welfare or poverty. There is a moral responsibility for us to ensure that the aged enjoy there freedom of choice as long a possible which preserves their endowed dignity and lets them live in the security of their homes up until the day that it is simply impossible. It is imperative therefore that the number of geriatrics who are serving the aged populace must be increased, the poverty levels faced by them must reduce the stabilizing right they enjoy staying in surroundings familiar to them must be protected. The most consistent thing about aging is that it occurs throughout the person’s lifetime. The complexity arises out of the fact that aging in a person is multifaceted. It can occur in a macro sense in a sense of his whole being in somewhat

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

The Lincol Memorial as an art object Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Lincol Memorial as an art object - Essay Example t and would not have been strong enough to support the structure of the Lincoln Memorial, supports for the structure were built by embedding them down almost 100 feet into bedrock, thereby creating cave like formations under the stairs that exist under the stairs and forms stalactites and stalagmites of calcium carbonate.(www2.nature.nps.gov) As pointed out by Professor Smith (1996), the Lincoln Memorial is built in the neo-classical style of art, derived from the Greek high, classical art forms as evidenced in the Parthenon. The Lincoln Memorial is built with similar fluted columns and represents an attempt to sanctify an American President by making Lincoln sitting within a recess behind the columns in the same manner as the statute of Athena sits within the Parthenon.(Smith, 1996). The Memorial is erected as a Temple, representing the dawn of a new age, in much the same manner the construction of the Parthenon in Greece represented the dawn of a new era of freedom and enlightenment among the Greeks. The art form of the Lincoln Memorial is also filled with symbolism. For example, the 36 columns comprising the structure represent the 36 states that were in existence at the time that Lincoln died (Nathan, 1998). The attic above the columns however contains 48 stone festoons which are intended to represent the number of states that existed during the time that the monument was actually constructed. The murals on the monument are also symbolic in nature and the figures represented in the murals stand for justice, fraternity, charity immortality and unity.(Nathan 1998). The murals titled Emancipation and Reunion are painted by Jules Guerin. The painting Emancipation which hangs on the southern wall is of the Angel of Truth standing with her arms stretched out above her head and slaves breaking free within her wings.(www2.nature.nps.gov). The words contained in Lincoln’s Gettysburg address are engraved on the limestone wall. The painting Reunion on the other

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Evaluate the staging of major events using case studies Essay

Evaluate the staging of major events using case studies - Essay Example From humble beginnings as a television show in the U.K. which was then spun off to an American audience, Pop Idol began a reality television show sensation that is now one of the most successfully produced reality television programs at a world wide level. American Idol launched on American television in 2002 after Pop Idol, which began in 2001, was a hit in the U. K. The idol franchise has expanded to include Australia, France, Germany, Sweden, Poland, Iceland, Kazakhstan, Russia, the Pan-Arabic regions, South Africa, India, and Singapore (Hill 2007, 9). A competition was designed to capitalize on the many nations in which an Idol program exists. The show, called World Idol, allowed for winning contestants from all over the world to come and compete. The show was made to be more fair by allowing a total of ten points to come from each voting nation so that no one nation could outvote another by virtue of a more dense population (Hay 2003, 84). By using the hopes and dreams of a world wide audience the Idol franchise is able capitalize on a multi-level system of The success of the program was such that the 20 million or more responses they were getting each week to vote for the viewers’ favorite singers are credited by the phone companies with helping to launch the technology of text messaging because as of 2001 this method of communication had not taken off in the United States the way it had in Asia and northern Europe (Murray & Ouellette 2009, 343). The program is used as a vehicle for consumer driven marketing with product placement and advertisements that are designed specifically to exploit the emotional connection that viewers make with their favorite contestants to generate branding based marketing power. Every aspect of the show that can be exploited is used to generate a product that is designed to sell. The core of the Idol concept is to package

Friday, November 15, 2019

Coronary Artery Disease: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

Coronary Artery Disease: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments CAD also known as coronary heart disease or ischemic heart disease is a disease caused by the buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, referred to as atherosclerosis which reduces the amount of oxygenated blood to the heart (McPhee Papadakis, 2011). CAD encompasses two pathologies, angina and myocardial infarction, commonly recognized as a heart attack (Parmet, Glass Glass, 2004). Angina is best described by pain or discomfort in the chest area, pain caused by angina can radiate throughout the body to various muscle areas (McPhee Papadakis, 2011). Stoppage of oxygen-rich blood to particular heart muscles results in a heart attack, delayed restoration of blood flow can result in severe muscle damage to the heart and possibly death (Parmet, Glass Glass, 2004). With approximately sixteen million Americans suffering from CAD, a person dies every minute as a victim of the disease (American Heart Association [AHA], 2012). The following paper will comprehensively examine CAD. Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart The heart is an essential organ that is responsible for pumping blood all throughout the body and supplying it with oxygen and nutrients; it is the central hub for the cardiovascular system and acts as the transport system of the body, which performs via electrical conduction activity (Burke et al., 1999). Major anatomical structures of the heart consist of the aorta, the pulmonary artery and vein, coronary arteries and the valves (McPhee Papadakis, 2011). The aorta is the main artery that pumps the blood out of the heart and to the rest of the body; the pulmonary artery and vein transport deoxygenated and oxygenated blood respectively, and the coronary arteries make a crown on the heart muscle and supply the myocardium with oxygenated blood and nutrients (Crawford, 2011). The valves in the heart are responsible for preventing backflow of blood and allow the blood to circulate in a uniform fashion (Crawford, 2011). The electrical conduction system of the heart accounts for the beati ng of the heart allowing it to contract and act as the pump of the body (Burke et al., 1999). CAD: Pathophysiology Occlusion of the coronary arteries due to plaque buildup leads to a condition called atherosclerosis; atherosclerosis refers to the narrowing and hardening of the arteries leading to damage to the blood vessels and is a major contributor to many heart diseases and disorders (McPhee Papadakis, 2011). Atherosclerotic plaques are formed from lipid and fat deposits such as cholesterol, these formations are indicative of diet as a risk factor in developing CAD (Chandra-Bose, 2012). Arteries are composed of three layers: adventita, intima, and media; the plaque typically develops between the intima and media layers (Crawford, 2011). The atherosclerotic plaques narrow the lumen of the arteries causing decreased amounts of blood to reach the heart and over time harden them causing decreased flexibility during vasoconstriction and vasodilatation (Chandra-Bose, 2012). Additionally, the atherosclerotic plaques can dislodge causing thrombosis and ischemic events, when the coronary arteries func tion is compromised, the heart does not receive adequate supply of oxygenated blood and nutrients causing decrease cardiac function (McPhee Papadakis, 2011). At times of stress, the body will try to counteract these changes to achieve homeostasis by exerting more energy than normal; however, prolonged exertion initiates a cascade of many disease processes and pathologies, such as cardiomyopathy, heart failure, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, and characteristically myocardial infarction (Ruth, 2011). CAD: Risk Factors CAD tends to be the most common cause of death and disability in the United States (AHA, 2012). Common risk factors of CAD are family history, physical inactivity, poor diet, smoking and alcohol consumption; additionally, health issues such as hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, and obesity are also prevailing risk factors (Ruth, 2011). A person that has a family history of heart disease is at greater risk of developing CAD; physical inactivity, poor diet, and obesity interrelated for developing CAD (AHA, 2012). Obesity has become an epidemic that affects one in four Americans and results in many life-threatening consequences, notably CAD (AHA, 2012). Heart disease has become the cause of death in industrialized nations compared to underdeveloped nations due to sedentary lifestyles and an increased consumption of fast food (Chan, 2011). One of the most preventable risk factors for any disease is smoking, and for cardiovascular disease it is the number one preventable cause (Rut h, 2011). Other contributing risk factors include age and gender, males are typically more likely to develop CAD at an earlier age than women, however, the risk equalizes in old age (Ruth, 2011). Research has indicated that CAD paired with diabetes, hypertension, and/or hypercholesterolemia can breed fatal consequences (Chan, 2011). CAD: Symptoms Most patients of CAD are asymptomatic, whereas other patients can present with a variety of symptoms such as shortness of breath, tightness around the chest, chest pain, clenched fist, or possibly death; patients that do however exhibit symptoms typically tend to have advanced stages of damage to their coronary arteries (McPhee Papadakis, 2011). Angina is the classic heart pain most patients complain about that is caused by ischemia which is the lack of oxygen supply to a region of the heart (Chandra-Bose, 2012). Patients can experience angina at anytime, however characteristically its exhibited after a person has been involved in an extraneous activity, such as exercise; angina can be categorized as stable, unstable, or variant (McPhee Papadakis, 2011). CAD: Complications Myocardial infarction occurs when the heart is deprived of oxygenated blood because of rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque, resulting in a state of ischemia; the area of the heart that the damage occurs depends on the vessels that are occluded, exhibiting a variety of symptoms and/or complications (Torpy, Lynm Glass, 2008). Therefore, essentially if a patient experiences a myocardial infarction at a particular region of the heart that area will suffer an ischemic event and kills the heart tissue and makes it dysfunctional (Torpy et al., 2008). Overall, a myocardial infarction has a poor prognosis and tends to lead to morbidity and mortality (Burke et al., 1999). CAD: Diagnosis CAD is a condition that develops over time; therefore, there arent any palpable tests that can indicate if a person is suffering from CAD (McPhee Papadakis, 2011). When examining the onset of CAD, healthcare providers consider a patients history, physical exams and relative risk factors (Andraws, Berger Brown, 2005). Healthcare providers utilize electrocardiogram, stress testing, echocardiography, and laboratory testing when examining patients that are at risk of developing CAD (Andraws, Berger Brown, 2005). Electrocardiograms also known as an EKG or ECG detect the hearts electrical activity, rhythm, heart rate, axis, and any abnormal enlargements of the heart; an EKG is a quick and efficient way of indicating whether a patient has experienced or is experiencing a myocardial infarction (Andraws et al., 2005). Stress testing can be induced by exercise or medication for evaluating ischemia in a patient; an echocardiography utilizes sound waves to monitor the hearts activity, includi ng the size, shape, and blood flow; laboratory testing, such as blood tests are conducted on a regular basis to assess the levels of cholesterol, sugar, and proteins such as inflammatory markers (Andraws et al., 2005). Other tools, such as chest x-rays, angiography, positron emission tomography, and cardiac cauterization can be utilized for patients with greater risk factors and/or advanced stages of CAD (McPhee Papadakis, 2011). CAD: Treatment CAD is a complex disease since it encompasses other pathologies (AHA, 2012). However, treatment options for CAD tend to be simple at its early stages, such as lifestyle changes; patients are encouraged to partake in therapeutic lifestyle changes such as daily exercise, eating healthy well-balanced meals, and stress and weight management; comprehensive therapeutic lifestyle changes help regulate the risk of other diseases such diabetes, hypertension and obesity (Ruth, 2011). Therapeutic life changes help reduce the risk of heart disease by lowering cholesterol and maintaining a body mass index of less than 25, which is considered to be normal (Ruth, 2011). For advanced stages of CAD, medication such as anticoagulants, aspirin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and nitroglycerin are prescribed to help reduce symptoms, lower cholesterol and blood pressure, prevent blood clots; aspirin is the leading medication to help relieve angina and prevent myocardial infarction (McPhee Papa dakis, 2011). Patients that have extensive damage to their arteries or have experienced a myocardial infarction may require medical procedures, such as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting; angioplasty or percutaneous coronary intervention is a medical procedure done to open blocked or narrowed coronary arteries, this is commonly referred to having a stent put in place to prevent future blockage from occurring (Ruth, 2011). Coronary artery bypass grafting is an extensive surgical procedure done where doctors use blood vessels from other areas of the body that arent blocked to bypass narrowed and damaged coronary arteries, thus improving the blood flow to the heart (Ruth, 2011). Conclusion CAD is a disease caused by the buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, referred to as atherosclerosis which reduces the amount of oxygenated blood to the heart (McPhee Papadakis, 2011). Occlusion of the coronary arteries due to plaque buildup leads to a condition called atherosclerosis; atherosclerosis refers to the narrowing and hardening of the arteries leading to damage to the blood vessels and is a major contributor to many heart diseases and disorders (McPhee Papadakis, 2011).With approximately sixteen million Americans suffering from CAD, a person dies every minute as a victim of the disease (AHA, 2012). Common risk factors of CAD are family history, physical inactivity, poor diet, smoking and alcohol consumption; additionally, health issues such as hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, and obesity are also prevailing risk factors (Ruth, 2011). CAD is a condition that develops over time; therefore, there arent any palpable tests that can indicate if a person is suffering from CAD (McPhee Papadakis, 2011). Treatment options for CAD tend to be simple at its early stages, such as lifestyle changes (Ruth, 2011); for advanced stages of CAD, medication such as anticoagulants, aspirin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and nitroglycerin are prescribed to help reduce symptoms, lower cholesterol and blood pressure, prevent blood clots; aspirin is the leading medication to help relieve angina and prevent myocardial infarction (McPhee Papadakis, 2011). Patients that have extensive damage to their arteries or have experienced a myocardial infarction may require medical procedures, s uch as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting (Ruth, 2011).

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Etiquette of a Victorian Lady :: Victorian Women

Etiquette of a Victorian Lady In both the upper and middle classes, there were certain expectations, or guiding principles that women had to follow in order to be called a lady. There were numerous etiquette guides and books published in this time period regarding dining, beauty, and social activities, and most of the newspapers and women's magazines included articles on how to be the perfect Victorian Lady. These are some of the most interesting forms of etiquette. Ballroom Etiquette A Lady should always have an easy, becoming and graceful movement while engaged in a quadrille or promenade. It is more pleasing to the gentleman. --from â€Å"Etiquette for the Ball Room† Women were supposed to always be graceful and even something as enjoyable as dancing had to look effortless, and the woman always had to make sure that she appeared elegant and refined. It also has a reference to the fact that when dancing, the goal of the woman's etiquette was to please the man. Another mannerism that Victorian women followed in the ball room was that a lady should not attend a public ball without an escort, or that no lady should ever be left unattended (â€Å"Etiquette for the Ball Room†). This is just another example of how a woman needed a man in order for her to fit into society. It was considered rude if a woman were to ever be seen alone at a ball. Dressing Room Etiquette The dressing room of a lady was supposed to be her sanctuary, or a place where nobody except for her ever entered. It was a place where women were meant to admire themselves and make themselves look presentable at all times for their husbands. â€Å"The husband should always find the wife fresh, beautiful, sweet as a flower† (â€Å"The Lady's Dressing Room†). The dressing room was a place where the woman was to be vain and cover up or hide any imperfections that she may have had. The article above also asks, what is life or love without illusions? In order for her husband to be pleased, the woman was to retire to the dressing room and make herself beautiful, even if it included tricks. Above all, it was private. A lady was to look beautiful at all times, but make it look like it didn't take any effort at all. This was also the place in which the specific hairstyles of Victorian Ladies were created. It was proper etiquette to always wear the hair up.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Techniques for Building Strong Customer Relationships

Your first strategy to building a strong customer relationship could be to make every customer interaction count. Don’t take a single customer for granted. Each and every interaction with a customer is a gift and should be valued. You can achieve that by setting up a focus group made up of loyal customers. A focus group can be a vital tool to getting into the mind of your customers and knowing their needs. Another strategy is to really listen to customers. Even complaints can be a gift if handled properly and quickly. Be available and accessible when customers have questions, concerns, or comments. Humans always look for someone to talk to or share their problems with, and if you can listen more to your customers, you will end up knotting the bond between the customer and your business. I think one of the strongest strategies that are important would be to build a strong brand identity. Make it easy for your customers to identify your business or products in the midst of the crowd. Create a winning slogan, tagged with a catchy logo and a unique theme. Most importantly, make a specific promise and deliver on that promise. One of my favorites is to reward loyal customers as a strategy. This is a point that can never be over emphasized, because most businesses go after new customers while forgetting that the existing customers need to be taken care of. Introducing a loyalty program is a very effective relationship marketing strategy. Creating long lasting relationships helps to ensure long-lasting customers and repeat sales. Nothing strengthens a bond more than appreciation, and thanking customers for sticking to your brand will go a long way to make them know they are important. A simple thank you package might be all your business needs to connect personally with your existing customers. Customers want to know that they are valued and appreciated as an individual. Showing existing customers that value and appreciation encourages them to refer their colleagues, friends, and others to your business.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Free Essays on Entrepreneurship

â€Å"Know yourself and know your product †¦ be true to both.† I decided to look up each one of the entrepreneurs and see who was the most interesting to me. I decided that Lillian Vernon was an interesting lady. I was so impressed that this lady became an entrepreneur when women didn’t even work. I was impressed with her, because she had a vision and she ran with it. Lillian’s story was very inspiring to me. The fact that she was young, pregnant, an immigrant, and a newlywed was what caught my eye the most. She wanted to help her husband pay the bills. This is exactly the same reason I want to become an entrepreneur. Lillian Vernon was born Lilly Menasche in Leipzig, Germany, moved with her family to Amsterdam because of the dangerous climate for Jews, and finally fled to the United States in 1937 as the Nazi threat escalated. Her family was desperately trying to escape the perils of World War II. She came to this country as a young girl at the age of 10; she knew perhaps more than others how special freedom and opportunity were. She grew up in America believing in her ideals, a land of opportunity. At age 14 Lillian’s first jobs were working in a candy store and as a movie theater usherette. She attended New York University for two years, but like many women at the time, left after two years to get married. In 1951, she was 4-month pregnant with her first child. Lillian Vernon started her Mail Order business. She used $2,000 of wedding money to advertise a leather bag and belt she had designed. She placed a $495 sixth-of-a-page ad for a personalized handbag and belt in ! Seventeen magazine and filled orders from her suburban Mount Vernon, New York apartment using her kitchen table as her office. The ad was a tremendous success, bringing in more than $32,000 in ordersand her business was launched. With two mail-order items, a belt and a purse personalized with the customer’s in... Free Essays on Entrepreneurship Free Essays on Entrepreneurship â€Å"Know yourself and know your product †¦ be true to both.† I decided to look up each one of the entrepreneurs and see who was the most interesting to me. I decided that Lillian Vernon was an interesting lady. I was so impressed that this lady became an entrepreneur when women didn’t even work. I was impressed with her, because she had a vision and she ran with it. Lillian’s story was very inspiring to me. The fact that she was young, pregnant, an immigrant, and a newlywed was what caught my eye the most. She wanted to help her husband pay the bills. This is exactly the same reason I want to become an entrepreneur. Lillian Vernon was born Lilly Menasche in Leipzig, Germany, moved with her family to Amsterdam because of the dangerous climate for Jews, and finally fled to the United States in 1937 as the Nazi threat escalated. Her family was desperately trying to escape the perils of World War II. She came to this country as a young girl at the age of 10; she knew perhaps more than others how special freedom and opportunity were. She grew up in America believing in her ideals, a land of opportunity. At age 14 Lillian’s first jobs were working in a candy store and as a movie theater usherette. She attended New York University for two years, but like many women at the time, left after two years to get married. In 1951, she was 4-month pregnant with her first child. Lillian Vernon started her Mail Order business. She used $2,000 of wedding money to advertise a leather bag and belt she had designed. She placed a $495 sixth-of-a-page ad for a personalized handbag and belt in ! Seventeen magazine and filled orders from her suburban Mount Vernon, New York apartment using her kitchen table as her office. The ad was a tremendous success, bringing in more than $32,000 in ordersand her business was launched. With two mail-order items, a belt and a purse personalized with the customer’s in...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Treasures in the Dust essays

Treasures in the Dust essays One day after school Ponyboy and his friend Johnny took two Soc girls out to the movies, they were walking home when five Socs jumped them. The Socs were mad at them for taking their girls on dates. Bob (one of the Socs) was about to drown Ponyboy in a fountain when Johnny lost it and stabbed him. The Socs ran and so did Johnny and Ponyboy. After this incident they ran to a church outside of town. One day the church catches on fire. Johnny and Ponyboy save the kids that were playing in the abandoned church. Johnny pushed Ponyboy out of the church right as the roof caved in killing Johnny. Ponyboy and Johnny were heroes. They ruled that Ponyboy was just fighting back in self-defense. Ponyboy eventually writes a book about what has happened to him, the book that Ponyboy starts to write, starts the same way the novel starts. Ponyboy is a nice kid that's parents were killed in a car crash when he was young. Ponyboy has light brown almost red hair, and greenish-gray eyes. He has long hair that is squared off in the back. Ponyboy is a skittish kid; he was always worried about getting jumped by the Socs. But when you are a greaser walking on the streets alone, you have the right to worry about being jumped by the Socs. Ponyboy does a lot of growing up in the book that makes him a dynamic character. He has to cope with a lot of frustration with his two older brothers and with the Socs. He handles it pretty well until one day when he was being jumped by the Socs he spit on one of them that started a brawl that escalated into a murder. Ponyboy has a good relationship with Johnny. Johnny saved Ponyboy's life by killing a Soc when the Soc was drowning Ponyboy. Ponyboy and Johnny have to hide out in an old abandoned church together. They were best friends. Johnny's last words to Ponyboy were "Stay gold, Ponyboy. Stay gold_" This says that Johnny thought that Ponyboy was a great person, and that he wanted him to stay a wonderful and great pers...

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Paper - What is a Database Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper - What is a Database - Essay Example As an example of the business use of a database, an online store is a common one, and E-bay is a large database that consists of customers and sale items. It is an also an example of a database with a web-form, that is, a form where a customer can enter their contact information along with the information about the item they want to sell. As a second example that relates to this one, any business needs to track clients or customers and their respective contact information. While the following will expand on the example of an online store, it should be mentioned that most business' have customers and most customers need to be tracked, so this is a second example of a business application. An online store, like E-bay, would need at least two tables of information, and these would be a table that contained customers and their information and financial transactions, and in turn, a store would also minimally have a table that contained all of the items that were for sale. In general, a ta ble is a set of information that has unique and self-contained information. In the case of the store, one wants to establish a 'relational' [O'Neill and O'Neill 15] database – that is, one needs to link up the customers (table 1) with their inventory (e.g. table 2), but one also needs to keep this information apart.

Friday, November 1, 2019

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 18

No topic - Essay Example ups to effectively solicit diverse inputs and share knowledge, skills and abilities towards an identified goal; (2) simulations and games, where learning objectives can be achieved through designing instructional approaches with simulations (paralleling actual learning environments) and games that encourage thinking outside the box and soliciting the creative skills of students; (3) use of software applications in learning through searching and navigating online sites for research projects, essays, or taking academic performance tests and fun learning games; (4) collaborative writing, where students would be assigned specific research topics where essays are to be written through group efforts (this particular scenario could use research based strategies that include cooperative grouping and technological integration); and (5) blogging feedback was also one of the classroom examples evaluated which could be used in one’s classroom as a means of soliciting inputs, comments, fee dbacks from students using technological applications, as required. All of these implementation strategies are feasible and applicable in contemporary classroom settings where students are enjoined to participate and

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Ethical Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Ethical Argument - Essay Example Even so, Pope (530) warns against embracing such social change without understanding what is at stake. Despite the results of the opinion poll, only a handful of the American states allow the marriage between couples of the same sex with others reversing their earlier stand supporting the union. This could be an indication of the fact that this form of union goes against certain expected standard social norms. Therefore, same-sex marriage is socially deviant and should not be legalized. Civil marriage refers to a legal contract or social unions between two persons with the government, through its officials, performing, recording and recognizing it (Corvino and Gallagher 11). Marriage accords the couples exclusive rights and benefits. However, same-sex marriage brings forth a myriad of symbolic, religious and constitutional questions that has caused a continuous intense debate on the legalization of same-sex marriage (Pope 530). Gertsmann cites the Marriage Act 1961 which was amended in 2004 that defines marriage as the union between a man and woman and excludes all the others (15). This excludes same-sex marriage from being considered as marriage, a fact that has caused same-sex activists to push for change for their recognition in law. The case against same-sex marriage revolves around religious, moral and health concerns. By prohibiting homosexuality, a majority of religions, by extension, prohibit same-sex marriage. A majority of Christians argue that same-sex marriage is immoral and goes against the will of God and the reason of procreation that saw Him put man and woman together (Pope 533). In fact, Christians quote God talking of such a union as detestable in the Old Testament. Islam also prohibits same-sex marriage noting that the reason why Sodom was destroyed was because of such sins. Similarly, Hindus oppose same-sex marriage noting that for every soul, there exists another soul mate of the opposite sex. Since sex may

Monday, October 28, 2019

Health Care Marketing Essay Example for Free

Health Care Marketing Essay The United States spends more than $4.2 billion annually as a resource to market in the direction of health care consumers. Advertisements consist of pharmaceuticals, alternative medicine, and in many cases, lawsuits as a result of alleged bad drugs. The two forms of marketing are direct to consumer advertising (DTCA) of medicines to treat a disease or illness, and direct advertisements reaching a more diverse populace of health care consumers requiring medication. Through the practice of print advertisements, television announcements, radio commercials, the far-reaching side effect of health care marketing is fast becoming an epidemic. My Opinion on Current Health Care Marketing Techniques While my opinion on health care is apparent, I also realize the ever-changing atmosphere and understand that with change come additional responsibilities. From first-hand accounts and voice-to-voice with family in the health care arena, I am doubtful that all possible improvements have been implemented. It is my desire to see a more established forefront to the real problems in health care. We have great potential in this country to improve the processes and services available to health care consumers. How I feel Current Marketing Techniques Are Affecting Consumers? Marketing techniques, in my opinion, often overstep the boundary of ethical behavior; more particularly regarding the use of pharmaceutical marketing techniques. I often wonder about the validity of claims made on behalf of pharmaceutical companies, providing vast amounts of information to an unrecognized audience. â€Å"A recent content analysis of 38 television commercials concluded that the emotional appeal overshadowed factual information about the drug: only 26% of commercials provided information about the causes of or risk factors for disease, and 19% suggested lifestyle changes as adjunctive treatments† Pharmaceutical Industry Profile 2007. This information has aided in forming an opinion about how techniques are often over-extended to reach a more diverse population, often with disregard to how this information is perceived by the audience. Conclusion I am grateful for the opportunity to participate in this course. My hopes are to expand my understanding of the processes of health care marketing, learning all the facets of techniques, capabilities, and social responsibilities. References Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America. Pharmaceutical Industry Profile 2007. Washington, DC: PhRMA, 2007.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Last Minute Solving :: essays research papers

Transplantation of organs between animals and humans is called xenotransplantation. Pig liver are already being used to supply some time to liver-transplant patients; and for years, pig heart valves have been used in open-heart procedures to replace damaged human valves. Cloning research may contribute to treating diseases by allowing scientists to reprogram cells. The benefits of cloning could provide spare materials. Liver cells, eyes cells and bone cells may one day lead researchers to create organic organs such as hearts, lungs, livers and kidneys. Embryonic stem cells can be grown to produce organs of tissues to repair or replace damaged ones. If someone was to be injured and/or was an amputee, it would be possible for new limbs to be regenerated. There are many other possibilities, such as: burn victims could receive new skin; brain cells could assist in the healing of brain damage; or spinal tissue could help a quadriplegic walk again. If cloning is banned, this may never be a reality. One of the strongest reasons to support that cloning is beneficial to humanity is that there would be a solution to organ limitation. One of the greatest problems in medicine today is that many people need organs for various reasons, which are not available. This creates a lot of unnecessary deaths, and problems for patients. There are not enough organs to supply the need in demand. Currently in America, 2300 of the 40,000 Americans who needed a new heart in 1997 got one. That means that approximately 94% did not receive one. This is just the heart we are talking about. Imagine the staggering number of organs that are needed in the world. For example, in the States, there are 36,00 patients waiting for an organ transplant. Also, about one third of these patients waiting will die because of the lack of available organs. There are a great number of failures with organ donation. The failures can cause serious illness, and possible death. Therefore, cloning human organs is very beneficia l to humanity.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Eating disorders: a problem Essay

Eating disorders are a world-wide problem. There are many types of eating disorders. There are programs out there to help people with eating disorders. With so many types we must understand the differences by looking at each type, how it affects teenagers, and what influence the media has on this issue. Eating disorders come in many different types. One of these is anorexia. Anorexia is a serious disease which causes a severe lack of eating. The proper name is anorexia nervosa.  Anorexia nervosa causes people to lose more weight than is considered healthy for their age and height. Persons with this disorder may have an intense fear of weight gain, even when they are underweight. They may diet or exercise too much or use other ways to lose weight. Their self-esteem is usually overly related to body image. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001401/) Anorexia nervosa has many warning signs that can tell someone if they have a problem. Someone may refuse to eat certain foods/food categories and deny their hunger all together. A person may develop â€Å"food rituals† in which they arrange foods in a certain way, excessively chew, eat in a certain order, etc†¦ One may withdraw themselves from their friends, family, or society. They may frequently make a comment about being â€Å"fat† or â€Å"overweight† despite their weight loss. (http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/anorexia-nervosa) Another type of eating disorder is bulimia nervosa. Bulimia is an illness in which a person binges on food or has regular episodes of overeating and feels a loss of control. The person then uses different methods — such as vomiting or abusing laxatives — to prevent weight gain. Many (but not all) people with bulimia also have anorexia nervosa. The purging of food usually  brings a sense of relief. ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001381/) One form of an eating disorder is binge eating. Binge eating is an eating disorder in which a person eats a much larger amount of food in a shorter period of time than he or she normally would. During binge eating, the person also feels a loss of control. Some causes of binge eating include genes, such as having close relatives who also have an eating disorder. Depression or other emotions, such as feeling upset or stressed. Unhealthy dieting, such as not eating enough nutritious food or skipping meals. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0003749/) Some symptoms of binge eating are, eating large amounts of food in a short period, for example, every 2 hours. A person is not able to control overeating, for example is unable to stop eating or control the amount of food. A person may keep eating even when full (gorging) or until uncomfortably full. Sometimes a person feels guilty, disgusted, ashamed, or depressed after eating so much. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0003749/) Some treatment can be done for people with a binge eating problem. The goals are to lessen and then be able to stop the bingeing incidents. Be able to get to and stay at a healthy weight. Get treated for any emotional problems, including overcoming feelings and managing situations that trigger binge eating. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0003749/)

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Gender stereotypes are still pervasive in our culture Essay

TOPIC AND RATIONALE Gender stereotyping is a topic we find all around us and without exception in early years settings. There is a set of notions about how girls/women and boys/men are expected to behave in society, therefore is very difficult not to transmit those ideas in Early Education. Often we find children which already have implemented a gender role and behave based on our assigned sex. I have chosen this subject because I am aware, as I have to deal with that every single day, of how gender stereotype affects people. I believe the best way to fight this issue is through education and promoting gender equality in early childhood settings. At my placement I have already seen several situations where girls dress in pink as they consider is their favorite color, draw and wish to be princesses and would like to be ballerinas when they grow up. Boys spend all the playground time playing football or using their imaginary gangs, dressing in dark colors or not allowing girls playing in the building construction area claiming that is not a game for them. Being personally affected and observing this conduct in young children at the childhood practice setting and in the nursery where I work, was my motivation to write about this interesting topic, which in some situations touch children subtlety, and in others can trigger a negative impact affecting in many ways their being. AIM AND OBJECTIVES My target is to find out if gender equality is promoted in early years settings. RELEVANT THEORIES AND APPROACHES to children’s learning and development and links with knowledge acquired through the HNC HOW TOPIC LINKS TO CHILDREN’S INDIVIDUAL NEEDS, RIGHTS, AND INTERESTS Gender Equality is at the core of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) which outlines in a few articles the relevance of the equality rights for all children independently of their gender. The Article 2 is directly related to the topic chosen and promotes non-discrimination. The Article 12 and 13 determinates the respect for the views of the child and their freedom of expression. Both of them encourage children to express their thoughts and feelings freely. Those right are important in the subject because their voices can be taken seriously if they feel affected by gender discrimination. The Articles 28 and 29 talk about rights and goals of education. Those articles promote education with the respect of the human rights including themselves, addressing gender discrimination and supporting equality among girls and boys. Finally, we have to have into consideration Article 4 which states that governments have to create systems and laws to promote and protect children rights, enabling all the above rights possible. Here a summary of the articles mentioned are shown: †¢ Article 2 – â€Å"The Convention applies to every child without discrimination, whatever their ethnicity, gender, religion, language, abilities or any other status, whatever they think or say, whatever their family background.† †¢ Article 12 – â€Å"Every child has the right to express their views, feelings, and wishes in all matters affecting them, and to have their views considered and taken seriously. This right applies at all times, for example during immigration proceedings, housing decisions or the child’s day-to-day home life.† †¢ Article 13 – â€Å"Every child must be free to express their thoughts and opinions and to access all kinds of information, as long as it is within the law.† †¢ Article 28 –â€Å"Every child has the right to an education. Primary education must be free and different forms of secondary education must be available to every child. Discipline in schools must respect children’s dignity and their rights. Richer countries must help poorer countries achieve this.† †¢ Article 29 – â€Å"Education must develop every child’s personality, talents, and abilities to the full. It must encourage the child’s respect for human rights, as well as respect for their parents, their own and other cultures, and the environment.† †¢ Article 4 – â€Å"Governments must do all they can to make sure every child can enjoy their rights by creating systems and passing laws that promote and protect children’s rights.†

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Mule killers Essays

Mule killers Essays Mule killers Essay Mule killers Essay It is very clear that the narrators father is very childish; he simply doesnt understand that Eula doesnt like him, and that he will never marry her. He doesnt realize the seriousness of the girls pregnancy, it seems like he thinks its just a disease thatll disappear again. Also, he doesnt understand why his father cries and prays. First when he is an old man, he realizes why his father cried. In the end the father and son are together picking asparagus in what used to be the narrators mothers garden. She is now dead, and nothing has grown in the garden since she died. It is very clear: he must have married the boring girl; why else would they be in her garden? When the mother lived, the garden was filled with beautiful flowers and herbs, now it is a big wilderness. As said before the father was very childish at the age of eighteen. He was very immature and he didnt understand the cause of his actions. Of course he has become more experienced and mature through the following years, but first in the end he admits who his father really cried for that night. The theme in the story is absolutely unrequited love and its consequences. The narrators father never gets what he wishes for; he must deal with the second best. Eula was taken away from him, and Orphan was taken away from him too, he had to die because of the technological progress. In the end he even lost his wife. Text 4, the poem To His Lost Lover actually describes the fathers life well. The poem is about a man who lost his love, and he never fulfilled his wishes with his love. We dont know if she died or if she left him, but in both cases it matches the fathers life: he never had Eula, but he did dream about them doing things together and getting married. As said before, he lost Orphan too, who he loved very much indeed, and then in the end he lost his wife. The story doesnt tell whether he learned to love the mother of his son, but he probably did. She was all he had in life, and as he grew older and more mature, he probably learned to appreciate her, and when he finally learned that, she died. So he has had several lost lovers through time. Another theme is the change from child to adult. Teenagers are no longer children, and not yet adults. They dont have the innocence of a child, and they dont have the experience of an adult. In the teenage years the innocence and experience meet, and the teenager creates his or her own identity. This is described very well in William Blakes poem The Ecchoing Green from 1789. The first two paragraphs describe the innocence of childhood. Children are playing on the green, the sun is rising, the merry bells ring, the birds sing laud and the old people are laughing it is all very idyllic.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Difference Between Anatomy and Physiology

Difference Between Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and physiology are two related biology disciplines. Many college courses teach them together, so its easy to be confused about the difference between them. Simply put, anatomy is the study of the structure and identity of body parts, while physiology is the study of how these parts function and relate to one another. Anatomy is a branch of the field of morphology. Morphology encompasses the internal and outward appearance of an organism (e.g., is shape, size, pattern) as well as form and location of external and internal structures (e.g., bones and organs anatomy). A specialist in anatomy is called an anatomist. Anatomists gather information from living and deceased organisms, typically using dissection to master internal structure. The two branches of anatomy are macroscopic or gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy focuses on the body as a whole and the identification and description of body parts large enough to be seen with the naked eye. Microscopic anatomy focuses on cellular structures, which may be observed using histology and various types of microscopy. Physiologists need to understand anatomy because the form and location of cells, tissues, and organs are related to function. In a combined course, anatomy tends to be covered first. If the courses are separate, anatomy may be a prerequisite for physiology. The study of physiology requires living specimens and tissues. While an anatomy lab is primarily concerned with dissection, a physiology lab may include experimentation to determine the reaction of cells or systems to change. There are many branches of physiology. For example, a physiologist may focus on the excretory system or the reproductive system. Anatomy and physiology work hand-in-hand. An x-ray technician might discover an unusual lump (change in gross anatomy), leading to a biopsy in which the tissue would be examined on a microscopic level for abnormalities (microscopic anatomy) or a test looking for a disease marker in the urine or blood (physiology). Studying Anatomy and Physiology College biology, pre-med, and pre-vet students often take a combined course called AP (Anatomy and Physiology). This anatomy portion of the course is typically comparative, where students examine homologous and analogous structures in a variety of organisms (e.g., fish, frog, shark, rat or cat). Increasingly, dissections are being replaced by interactive computer programs (virtual dissections). Physiology may be either comparative physiology or human physiology. In medical school, students progress to study human gross anatomy, which involves dissection of a cadaver. In addition to taking AP as a single course, its also possible to specialize in them. A typical anatomy degree program includes courses in embryology, gross anatomy, microanatomy, physiology, and neurobiology. Graduates with advanced degrees in anatomy may become researchers, healthcare educators, or continue their education to become medical doctors. Physiology degrees may be granted at the undergraduate, masters, and doctoral level. Typical courses may include cell biology, molecular biology, exercise physiology, and genetics. A bachelors degree in physiology can lead to entry-level research or placement in a hospital or insurance company. Advanced degrees may lead to careers in research, exercise physiology, or teaching. A degree in either anatomy or physiology is good preparation for studies in the fields of physical therapy, orthopedic medicine, or sports medicine.