Student politics Essay

Students are the backbone of the society and if they are not brought up properly, the future of the society will be darkened. Students have nothing to do with the politics of the country and they have to devote their full attention to their physical, mental, intellectual and spiritual growth. Their studies and the method of education in that age went ahead in helping them to grow properly as an asset to the society. The students have full say in their own affairs and the best way of teaching was by discussion. That discussion involved their personal politics and the politics of students’ life. Modern critics who are of opinion that students should be kept away from politics forget that our society within organic concepts can only advance. The students are also a part of our society that is our body. Any organ of the body which is undeveloped makes the body cripple and infirm. Thus we can assume that for the betterment of the society, of the welfare of the student community, for the prosperity of the nation and for every lasting peace in the universe, the students should be allowed to have their say in all matters, which concern them. But There is also the dark side of it. It has been seen that the students who actively participate in politics often do not pay attention on their studies. The indiscipline and unrest among the students prove that the modern politics has totally failed to tackle their problems. Needless to say that students’ prime duty is to devote much of their time to studies. If this period is wasted by any reason, they will have to face life long problems. They become burden on their families because they do not get any suitable job. Even they fail to grasp basic concept of politics. They have no Understanding of national and international issues because they are not mature enough. Thus neither they become good students nor good politicians. They become the mixture of the two which brings total failure to their life. It has also been seen quite after that the students play into the hands of clever politicians. They become tools in their hands. They   are in favour of student’s participation in politics. They   try to use the young blood for the welfare of their own party purposes. This endangers the students’ life. As far as the former is concerned, the politicians should understand that to meet their selfish ends, they should not misuse the young blood. They should remember that the coming generation would never pardon them. The first and foremost task of a student to attain excellence in their studies any division during students’ life would make than a miserable figure in the society. If he is not well versed in his studies, he would not be able to become a good politician. Therefore the students’ participation in politics should be limited only to the academic interest and acquisition of knowledge of working of various political systems. The student life must be distinct in order to achieve the best. It must not be mingled with politics.

DBQ Middle Ages Essay

The Middle ages began after the fall of the Roman Empire. It can be defined as a time of minimal cultural and scientific achievements, suffering, feudalism, and power of the church. The labels for the Middle Ages that best describe the era between 500 and 1400 in Europe are the Dark Ages, the Age of Feudalism, and the Age of Faith. The Middle Ages should be labeled the Dark Ages because of the years of suffering that was inflicted from invasions. Invaders, usually from the North, would come into towns and completely lay waste to everything. These invasions made people live in fear and abandon their homes in refuge of safer places. In document one, â€Å"They sacked town and village and laid waste the fields†¦there is no longer any trade, only unceasing terror†¦the people have gone to cower in the depths of the forest or inaccessible regions.† Besides people’s homes being destroyed from invasions, many people were killed and their belongings and even loved ones taken. In document 3, â€Å"842, in this year there was a great slaughter in London and Quentavic and Rochester†¦843 the Northmen, with their boats filled with booty, including both men and goods, return to their own country.† The Dark Ages has a negative connotation to it, so this label rightly matches the terrible inv asions that occurred leaving families devastated. The Middle Ages should also be labeled the Age of Feudalism because of the absence of imperial authority that was replaced by local political organization known as the feudal system. The feudal system was based on loyalty and obligations between landlords in their vassals. In exchange for protection and land (fiefs) from the Lord, the vassle gave the Lord his loyalty, military service, and ransom if needed, as shown in the feudal obligations of document 4. After the fall of the Roman Empire, its territories in Europe had to protect themselves from outside invaders. To do this, these local kingdoms gave land to those willing to send knights in order to protect the kingdom. In Document two John of Toul is a vassle to the count and countess of Champagne and takes the Homage Oath, â€Å"I, john of Toul†¦will send to the Count and Countess of Champagne the knights who is service I owed to them for this fief which I hold.† Without the loyalty and service from the vassals to the landlord, the feudal system would crumble  leaving that territory defenseless against invaders and rival kingdoms. Finally, the Middle Ages should be labeled the age of faith because of the solid organization and power the Catholic Church demonstrated. The power of the church can merely be seen through its cathedrals as shown in document 10. A lot of money, materials, and labor were required to build the cathedral and only a wealthy and powerful organization could build them. The church even tried to limit warfare between landlords by decreeing days of peace when no battles or attacks could occur. In document 5, the Church believes in the word of God and called for the observance of the Truce of God, â€Å"on every Sunday, Friday, and Saturday, and on feast days no one may commit murder, arson, robbery, or assault.† Besides power, the Catholic Church had a lot of influence over people. Some people gave up the life they knew to follow God and join a monastic order. This is evident in document 8, an excerpt adapted from monastic vows taken by a brother that had an ordinary life but gave it up for a life with God. â€Å"I renounce my own will for the will of God†¦I accept all hardships of the monastic life†¦I promise to remain a monk in this monastery.† The calling of Crusades by the church shows its influence it had over people even in times of war. Pope Urban II was the head of the Catholic Church and he believed it was God’s will to call for a crusade to recapture the holy lands. In document 9, â€Å"your brethren of the Middle East are in urgent need of your help†¦the Turks and Arabs have attacked†¦they have occupied more and more of the lands of the Christians.† Document 8 shows the church’s religious influence while document 9 shows its political influence. In conclusion the Dark Ages, the Age of Feudalism, and the Age of Faith are labels that best describes the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages were low on cultural and scientific achievements and lived off of the knowledge from civilizations before them. Document 6, â€Å"it performs the function of the knowledge and treasures of what had come before.† Its output of creativity and originality did not in any way surpass the turmoil from invasions, political organization from feudalism, or the power of the church, to be known as a golden age. Document 7, â€Å"medieval culture was in perfect, was restricted to a narrow circle of superior minds.† To better understand that  the Middle Ages produced a low amount of cultural and scientific achievements I would need an additional document of a list of achievements produced during this era. I would be able to compare this to other achievements produced in civilizations during their Golden Age.

The Final Stages Of World WAr II In 1945

During the final stages of World War II in 1945, the United States conducted two atomic bombings against Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After six months of intense strategic fire-bombing of 67 Japanese cities the Japanese government ignored an ultimatum given by the Potsdam Declaration. By executive order of President Harry S. Truman the U. S. dropped the nuclear weapon â€Å"Little Boy† on the city of Hiroshima on Monday, August 6, 1945,[1][2] followed by the detonation of â€Å"Fat Man† over Nagasaki on August 9. These are the only attacks with nuclear weapons in the history of warfare. [3] Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects killed 90,000–166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000–80,000 in Nagasaki,[4] with roughly half of the deaths in each city occurring on the first day. The Hiroshima prefectural health department estimates that, of the people who died on the day of the explosion, 60% died from flash or flame burns, 30% from falling debris and 10% from other causes. During the following months, large numbers died from the effect of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness. A plausible estimate of the total immediate and short term cause of death, 15–20% died from radiation sickness, 20–30% from flash burns, and 50–60% from other injuries, compounded by illness. [5] Since then, more have died from leukemia (231 observed) and solid cancers (334 observed) attributed to exposure to radiation released by the bombs. [6] In both cities, most of the dead were civilians. [7][8][9] Six days after the detonation over Nagasaki, on August 15, Japan announced its surrender to the Allied Powers, signing the Instrument of Surrender on September 2, officially ending the Pacific War and therefore World War II. Germany had signed its unavoidable[2] Instrument of Surrender on May 7, ending the war in Europe. The bombings led, in part, to post-war Japan adopting Three Non-Nuclear Principles, forbidding the nation from nuclear armament. [10] The role of the bombings in Japan's surrender and the U. S. ‘s ethical justification for them is still debated. [11]

International relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

International relations - Essay Example For instance, according to the BBC, Aljazeera, CNN, New Yorks Times, the NBC, and CBS footages, women who have been voiceless gained voice and their voices are until to-date have formed one of the revolution that is sweeping the Middle East. All these revolutions are well covered by both the United States based media groups and the non United States media groups or institutions (New York Times 01). Different media institutions have managed to cover the real actions of all revolutions as well as detailing what might have led to such revolutions (CNN and Times 01). Additionally, many media institutions often take an extra mile to cover and report the aftermath of such revolutions. For instance, the BBC, New York Times, CNN, Aljazeera, and Time Special among others covered what unfolded in Libya that led to the death of once renown dictator; Col. Gaddafi. From the coverage it is apparent that the people of Libya had become tired of the mode of his leadership. Additionally, the BBC brought the notion that all these revolutions were the United States among other super powers ideas. Nonetheless, after the defeat of the Gaddafi, different media coverages including BBC, New York Times, CNN, and Aljazeera revealed that Libyan people were happy since they celebrated everywhere across the streets among other places (Mass anti-Morsi†¦ 01). However, from the some media coverages on the same issues or revolutions had different intentions over their coverages in that they wanted to depict the extra force or inhumane nature that foreign forces used in Middle East whenever they were involved in such revolutions (BBC World News). For instance, the fight on terror has attracted attention of many people across the world especially from the views some media coverage instill in people. The BBC, CNN, and Aljazeera portrayed the Bush administrator as one that did not care about the

Choose the right topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Choose the right topic - Essay Example This change shifted focus from machine productivity to employee productivity, which in result developed the organizational management concept. The core of the organizational management concept is to find the best possible way for employees to mange their tasks. This concept is true for both production and service related organizations. Among many different aspects of organizational management, the compelling one is that refers to the art of getting people together on a common platform to make them work towards a common predefined goal (â€Å"Organization Management†). All organizational management aspects refer to four major theories of organizations and management, namely: classical theory, human relation theory, contingency theory, and modern system theory (â€Å"The nature of Organizational Theory’). Each of these theories is based on some assumptions supported by certain elements. The insights of the above selected aspect of organizational management should be view ed through the classifications of these theories. The classical theory is based on the assumptions that scientific analysis of organizational problems brings improvement, and a good worker is who accepts the order. The human relation theory also defined as neoclassical is based on the following assumptions (â€Å"The nature of Organizational Theory†) · The organization can be defined as "a group of persons with a common objective," The psychological and social aspects of the worker as an individual and work group ought to be emphasized, If we fuse the assumptions of classical and neoclassical theories, we get the core philosophical concept of the insight of above-mentioned aspect of organizational management. The concept describes that an organization consists of the group of individuals with a common purpose; the mangers on behalf organization must pay attention to the psychological and social aspects of employees; improvement of organizational problems should be scientifi cally resolved, and good workers accept orders. In the above explanation, we observe, on one hand, organizations’ position toward the employees, on the other hand, employee’s attitude towards the organization in fulfilling the organization’s goal. Once the core philosophical concepts are determined, it then remains to identify the method on how to implement the concept in reality. This perhaps can be achieved through the practical application of the supporting elements of classical and neo classical theories’ assumptions. The neoclassical theory’s supporting elements are individual employee motivation and consideration of social aspects of the employees. The classical theory’s supporting elements are principles of management and functions of management. The principles of management element include numerous parameters, of them important to mention are Division of work, Authority and Responsibility, Discipline, Unity of command, Unity of direc tion, Subordination to general interest, Remuneration, and equality. The functional management element is probably the key element of organizational management. Its parameters are planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. Once fused all parameters of the above described elements we can formulate the procedure required for the implementation of the insights of the compelling aspect of organiz

History - De Jure Segregation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History - De Jure Segregation - Essay Example nation suffered during the period of De Jure segregation if we are to understand the impact of the Civil Rights Movement on paving the way for a better life for the black community. Only by bringing back to mind and emphasizing the agonizing struggle of the blacks, the various organizations and institutions of brave activists that came forward to lend a helping hand in fighting for their rights, the clash between the moderates and the radicals against the activists, the sacrifices made by the men, women and children of the blacks and the suffering inflicted by the whites against the blacks are we able to get a clear synthesis of what the Civil Rights Movement was all about. Great Historians have never seemed to get enough of the black freedom struggle and their research has enriched our knowledge and understanding of the Civil Rights Movement over the centuries. Some of these testimonies include â€Å"My Soul is Rested† The Story of the Civil Rights Movement in the Deep South, by H. Raines, (New York, 1983) â€Å"Race and Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 1915 – 1972, by A. Fairclough (Athens, Ga, 1955) and many others. People like Mary King and James Forman who were SNCC activists also have penned their memorable autobiographies highlighting their experiences of the Black freedom struggle and the situation during the Civil Rights Movement. By De Jure segregation we mean the kind of segregation that takes place by right of law. In other words laws are imposed so as to bring about segregation. A good example of this would be the racial segregation of the Blacks before and during the Civil War. This kind of segregation is characterized by separating the various racial groups. In this case it was the whites from the blacks. All through this period, the blacks suffered both mentally and physically in their day to day life. The blacks were not allowed to eat at restaurants or use the rest rooms kept exclusively for the whites. They were also

Volcanoes and Earthquake Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Volcanoes and Earthquake - Assignment Example Lava with low viscosity forms a shield mountain, which is low-lying because it flows over a long distance. On the other hand, the lava with high viscosity forms a dome-shaped mountain because it flows over a short distance before solidification (Gill, 2009). High silica content leads to the formation of a magma and lava that is more viscous than when the silica content is low. The viscosity is high because of the strong bonds between silica and oxygen. Intrusive igneous rocks refer to the igneous rocks that form when magma crystallizes within the Earth’s crust. Granite is the common example of intrusive igneous rocks. Extrusive igneous rocks refer to the igneous rocks that form when magma crystallizes on the Earth’s surface (Gill, 2009). Basalt is the common example of extrusive igneous rocks. On the other hand, the lava with high viscosity forms a dome-shaped mountain because it flows over a short distance before solidification (Gill, 2009). A pyroclastic flow refers t o a fast-moving mass of hot rocks and gases. It is evident that a pyroclastic flow is explosive because of the fast-moving gases. The volcanic eruption from St. Augustine volcano is an example of the volcano that produced a pyroclastic flow. A lava flow refers the movement molten rock from a volcanic mountain at a slow speed due to the absence of hot gases (Gill, 2009). It is evident that a volcanic flow is effusive because it does not involve hot gases. The volcanic eruption from Mauna Loa volcano is an example of the volcano that produced a lava flow. A supervolcano refers to a volcano that can produce an eruption with a large volume of about 1000 km3. An example of a supervolcano is Yellowstone.  Intrusive igneous rocks from within the vents before the magma moves to the Earth’s surface.

What factors affect tourism in Oxford and your home city write an Essay

What factors affect tourism in Oxford and your home city write an not more than 600 words(300 words on Oxford and 300 words on factor affecting tourism in your country) - Essay Example Instead, brands should be developed around themes that are linked to the interest of the people and tourists. Culture is essential for a successful and a high-quality tourism industry. Oxford does not make enough of the culture and some cultural providers even never realize the importance of incorporating culture in tourism. Values and culture are essential additional products to the tourism industry. They provide a sense of ownership to the community members as well improve their quality of life. Thus, the tourism industry needs to realize the importance of culture and values of art. Poor tourism infrastructure is a major issue in oxford. The tourist attractions are okay, but there is still room for improvement especially in accommodation, information and transport facilities (Pritchard, Morgan, and Ateljevic, 952). Improvement in the infrastructure is, therefore, essential to increase the number of tourists visiting i.e. provision of better transport for tourists and ensuring that the streets are clean Creation of sustainability in the tourism industry is a major factor. Sustainability needs to be consumer focused and being aware of the visitor’s perceptions of Oxford as well as improving their experience. The industry has not reached the local people. Thus, campaigns are needed to enlighten the residents of oxford on the benefits and importance associated with tourism, and the sector needs to focus more on the consumer needs. Global economies affect the tourism industry in oxford. In the case of a weak UK or US economy, then this makes it to be a very expensive destination for visitors from the US. Thus, it is important to seek new alternative markets and demonstrate their good value for money (Glasson, 138). Russia is among the top 15 countries in the world in terms of the country’s world heritage and cultural resources. However, the countries tourism industry accounts for only 3 percent of the country’s gross domestic product that can be

Level 6 diploma in career guidance and development Essay

Level 6 diploma in career guidance and development - Essay Example All these depict that as a career developer one needs to cultivate a healthy relationship with people. Many theories have emerged trying to explain the existence of career guidance some of these include Holland’s Trait and Factor theory, Bandura’s Social Learning theory and Donald’s Super Developmental approach theory which I’m going to discuss at length in this essay. To begin with, John Holland Trait and Factor theory also known as the Topological theory, which base its argument on the fact that people can be helped based on the human characteristics they possess. Some of these traits include intelligence, self esteem and aptitude. This theory supports the notion that people can be introduced to careers that match with the nature of their characters and a result, this theory has been nick named and criticized as the ‘square peg in the square hole ‘ theory. (Alaos.K.A, Kobiowu.S.V, Adebowale. O.F, 2010, Pg.135) This theory also support the concept of self scrutiny or screening and further stipulates that accuracy of self analysis and career development influences ones career decisions.(Zunker,1990,pg.45). In a case study-James is fourteen year old boy who is just clearing junior High but however does not know the career to pursue in college. Following the concept of self scrutiny, I am able to gather that James has been a very active student in extra curriculum activities and to some extent he has been a football Captain of his school team. Based on his interests in sports, his good leadership qualities and his love for sciences we come to conclusion that James would pursue sport medicine in college. In my career development and counseling profession, Holland’s theory has enabled me to help people to discover their potentials and career through their talents and hobbies. Therefore this theory has eased the task of career decision making most especially with the teenagers who are coupled with

My life would be like if all my wishes came true Essay

My life would be like if all my wishes came true - Essay Example I find it extremely disturbing that there are so many people who suffer on and off our streets because they cannot afford a meal or a roof over their heads, many times I walk home in the evenings I run into them waiting for soup kitchens to open, sleeping on park benches and sometimes under culverts. I have always wished there was a way I could help them and if may wishes were to come true, such people would get second or third shot at life, and they would be off the streets and with their families once again. I dislike and always try to avoid conflict situation be it with my friend’s parents, or teacher, I feel that most arguments and disagreements are because people misunderstand me. As a result, I have always wished I could read minds, that way I would know what my teachers want  and what they  are  thinking so I can react accordingly. Mind reading would also help keep me safe since I would know what everyone around me is thinking, and this is would be very useful to avoid getting into dangerous situations by avoiding people with violent thoughts. I would generally have more money, friends and my life would change in so many ways, I would never have to ask for money from my parents and I could just go to the mall and pick out the latest gear without worrying about the price tags. I would be more comfortable around my friends since they would be loyal and I would not have to worry about being backstabbed or betrayed. Furthermore, I have always wished to travel around the world and see the wonders one summer, I would have the time of my life vesting the pyramids the great wall of China, as well as the all the other famous sites. I would go back in time and try to undo the mistakes I have made and also prevent major disasters such as September 2011s terrorist attacks. I would also travel forward in time so I could see how the future will look like especially the levels of technology which I would bring back and try to develop today’s

Business Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Organization - Essay Example The choice of the organization for my consultancy after considering all the above factors is narrowed between Limited Liability Company and Limited Liability Partnership. To begin with my inclination is to start with LLP. I would discuss with all the interested classmates draft an agreement specifying at least the following points General Partners- Those classmates of mine who share my vision of providing consultancy to Non Profit organizations to help the start up their activities, raise necessary funds, staff them and set up their legal structure, marketing support etc. They would compliment me and we would divide work segments, each of us specializing in one or two areas so that there is no conflict of interest and the partnership flourishes as a result of team effort. They would also bring capital as agreed before commencing the business. They would also be jointly and severally liable for any legal suits brought against the partnership. Limited Partners- They are my friends who have full confidence in my project and are willing to back me up by providing the necessary funds for starting and running the business venture. They have already committed the funds as asked by me. None of them is interested in day to day running of the organization but still would like to have a say in the general direction, internal matters like admission or expulsion of other partner, agreeing on terms of partnership, etc, so they would be limited partners, their liability would be limited to their share in the partnership. General public would not be aware of their role in the partnership and we'll have to take care not to include their name in the name of the partnership or they will lose their limited privilege. As is obvious from the discussion above the funds needed for our organization would be financed mainly by the partners themselves in the form of their capital contribution. The general partners

Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

Lord of the Flies Essay I am running for your class vice president. As many of you know, our sophomore class as of right now does not have much funding for our 2016 senior prom. When this student council is elected, you want to have the correct people for the jobs that hold your future of fun. The memorable time of high school. Let me tell you why I am qualified for your class vice presidency. In middle school, I was chosen to be in a 12 person leadership class. There I learned very useful and important information as to being a good leader. Some of those leadership skills included working together to succeed greatness. As your vice president I will strive for this government to be totally student ran where your voice will be very much welcomed, listened to, and taken into much consideration. I care about your input. It is not only my senior prom, it is yours. There is no ‘I’ in team, but there is an ‘E’ as in ‘we’. Together WE will make this our time. I am very organized and on top of everything I have on my plate. I will work very hard and dedicate myself with the rest of the student council to get what you want and to make it succeed. Team building and working together is something I have a lot of experience with. Since last year, I have been on my church’s youth council where about 15 people come together to plan all the youth events. That has taught me what things work and what things do not work when planning events. We have to work in a democracy and hear everyone out before officially deciding on which path to take to our future. With this in mind, I guarantee you that your senior prom will go down in history as the most fun and zealous one yet. Everyone will be involved while planning and you will be extremely notified when decisions are to be made. But to do that, there needs to be aggressive, but enjoyable fundraising. Fundraising is at the top of the list our class has to do to make our senior prom count. Some ideas for great events to be held are car washes, concession stands held at Patriot athletic activities, selling class shirts, class raffles, bake sales, 5ks, holding talent shows with admission going towards our goal, and having our lovely administrators getting involved and a little dirty with â€Å"Choose a ‘Torture. ’† There are so many ideas that can be carried out to make sure we have the funding we need. I am asking you to bring your picture student ID on Friday and to please elect me your class vice president so these ideas will be put to action. Some of you might be asking, â€Å"Who is this girl? † I play for your Lake Brantley Girls’ Basketball team and I currently run for your Girl’s Cross Country team as well. You can get to know me on twitter @lizzettealvarez. Mention me or simply DM me on twitter to learn more about me. Come up to me and introduce yourself and give me ideas as to what can be done to make our class activities and fundraising more improved. And as I close, I just want to thank all of you for listening and taking me into great consideration to becoming your class vice president. I am 100% dedicated to making your senior year unforgettable. I have a dream that one day in the year 2016 our prom night will be spectacular. That on that magical night, everyone will be content with what will be going down. Turning up, fun, and un-mundane memories being made. I have a dream that this sophomore class right here and right now can impact our community in a spectacular and rare way so that nobody will forget us. I have a dream that we will live on as legends as the best class to ever be at Lake Brantley. But only you can make that dream come to reality. YOU have to bring your student photo ID to the cafeteria and vote on Friday September 6 for me to be your class vice president to make the dreams come true. Just remember to vote for the proper people that will get the job beautifully, simply, and flawlessly done. Thank you

Is Power Central To Our Understanding Of Politics?

Is Power Central To Our Understanding Of Politics? The right of nature, which writers commonly call jus naturale, is the liberty each man hath to use his own power as he will himself for the preservation of his own nature; that is to say, of his own life; and consequently, of doing anything which, in his own judgement and reason, he shall conceive to be the aptest means thereunto. Thomas Hobbes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war as is of every man against every man Thomas Hobbes The etymology of politics is from a word of Greek origin, polis, which means the state or a group. Its idea was based on the perfect city state, and it was the work of Plato and Aristotle. Platos book The Republic precisely defines the meaning and objectives of this city state. Hence, the word politics, came in being, with the idea of making a perfect society. But it may be near to impossible to achieve an utopian society, than what it is now. During their observations Plato and Aristotle found some faultlines or weaknesses in the human society and therefore they started to have their own political philosophies. The book The Politics, by Aristotle describes that Man is by nature a political animal(The Politics, 1) or simply put, it is a inherent characteristic of man. Because of this, man should try to get a position within the city state. As per Aristotle, Political science is not a theoretical concept, but an inborn trait of human beings. The most fundamental meaning of politics is that, human beings are selfish creatures and all his acts, are towards the promulgation of his own interests and preserve himself. He likes to have his own beliefs and strategy which may differ from others in the society or group. Therefore there is a high chance of conflict, not only due to clash of various ideologies, but as our world had finite resources, people will try to get the maximum share for themselves, and if this were to happen, it would be a very difficult to live in. Politics will be very much required to prevent the society from collapse. Some people must be able to control the others in the society in order to enforce the code of conduct. We have also seen in our day to day lives that some people are able to exert more coercion, than others in the group, and it is because they have the confidence of others in the group. Earlier we saw that by primitive nature man looks after his benefit first, than those of other members in the society, so even the people in power will try to achieve some of their personal goals. Politics is essentially a struggle for power between the people who have some authority, and getting this power is only possible from help by the others. It will be by way of trying to mitigate the conflicts, by genuine or improper ways. They will try to reach out to the aggrieved parties with some promise of solutions and benefits, in such a way, to get their necessary support, and ultimately control over them. Therefore, politics is the way of achieving new power and retaining it, by honest or dishonest means, and this way, can be in between individuals, groups, state and its subjects, or even with in a family. We always think that government is the ultimate form of power. It is the politicians who manage the government and it is their plan of action which ultimately governs the society. Does it mean, that groups, societies or countries, where there is no government, there is no politics. Power is omnipresent in our actions and relations, with others. The very functioning of a society depends upon the power mechanisms with in it. The most common form of power known to us, is through the punishments by a group or a state to its subjects. But this may not be the case in all relationships, power is not expressed always through subjugation. Wherever there are various levels of governance, politics has to be there. For eg, in a family, the power is divided between the father, the mother, and various other family members, or in a bank between the manager and the clerks. This power is used the ultimate authority to get what he wants to and effectively manage grievances and disagreements. Therefore, power and authority are the most basic features of politics. With the struggle for power, there can be no politics. But at the same time, politics is the innate characteristic of humans, as per Aristotle. The writings of Foucault show us power may reside in certain traditions, and which makes these power relationship acceptable. For example the caste system which stills exists in India without the use of force. Power is also incorporated in beliefs and values, and through which humans experience their lives, and this authorizes various power relationships and its inter dependancies. Lukes asks to view power in three dimensions. The one dimensional power as per Lukes is that power is a related to our behavior and it is up to the man as to how much he can change the actions of other men, in a decision oriented process. The man with the most authority will be the winner in this process. The second dimension that Lukes discusses is about the ability to shape the agenda is a vital form of power to further ones interests. The three-dimensional theory of power by Lukes states that a person may behave or think in a particular way, which is not in his self interest. This dimension is a process in which the person with most power is able to change the weak in a way, in which he acts as per the whims of the powerful, on his own motivation, and without any imposition or forcible constraint for example, by creating a deep rooted ideology. But for Weber, power is the ability through which, an individual in a society, can achieve his or her own wish even against the opposition of others. Looking at the above notions of politics and power and the quotes by Hobbes at the start of this essay, it is very clear that man lives only for himself, and he has every right, to look after his self preservation, and without a common power to govern the society, man is always ay war against other men. This shows how politics and power are deeply intertwined and complex, and as per Locke it is human nature to be selfish. Out of this selfishness, comes out the desire to have more and more for oneself, and which can be achieved only by art of politics, to use soft and hard power, for capturing the minds and imagination of others. Therefore, power is central to our understanding of politics. In what does Foucaults concept of power alter conventional understanding of politics ? Decentralization of the position of power as suggested by Foucault is a very new way of looking at the concept of power. He has given us a new way to look at power, and taking us away from the observation of persons, who use power only as a tool of imposition, and also even away from the institutions from which these persons function, and guides us to the idea that power is everywhere and part of knowledge and truth. Foucault says what we are, it is because of power. Foucaults view of power is totally different from the previous ways of viewing power, in a way that, power is diffuse, not concentrated, embodied rather than possessed, discursive, rather than coercive. (Gaventa) He is against the notion that power is controlled and executed by a group of people, by way of acts of force, instead it is spread out. Power is everywhere and comes from everywhere so in this sense is neither an agency nor a structure (Foucault). It is like beyond power or system of truth that is diffused in the society, and it is in a state of constant change and bargaining. Foucault uses the term power/knowledge to show us the power is made of accepted forms of knowledge, scientific observations and truth. Truth is made in this world, and is a result of different types of coercion. It causes power to take various forms. Our society has its administration of truth, which is politicized, that is the forms of sermons, which it considers and makes it true, the structure which enables us to differentiate truth from falsity, the process by which each is approved, the methodology considered fine, in getting to this truth, that position of people who have the power of declaring the truth (Foucault). Administration of truth and rules of politics are a product of scientific enquiry and agencies, and forced on the society regularly through educational institutes and radio/newspapers/televisions, and the dynamics of political ideas. The quest for truth, is not to find out the ultimate truth, that can be acquired by society, but it is about the guidelines, which differentiate between truth and falsity, and precise factors of power are attached to the truth, an endeavor about the position of truth and its politico economic functions. (Foucault, in Rabinow 1991). Power enforces social discipline and standardization. Foucault moved his insight from the exercise of power by the state, as found in feudalism, to force their people, towards a new kind of disciplinary power as evidenced in the eighteenth century European society, such as jails, educational establishments and mental asylums. Their structures of monitoring did not have the need for coercion, as the subjects automatically performed in desired ways. Foucault was intrigued by the systems of prison vigilance, school regimen, administration setup, and demographic control, and accepted criteria about body conduct, inclusive of sex. He studied medicine, psychology, and criminology and their roles as departments of knowledge that describe the accepted patterns of behavior and aberration. Our bodies are dominated and made to function in a particular style, as a world of societal control of the general population, through what he called bio-power. Disciplinary and bio-power create a discursive practice or a body of knowledge and behavior that defines what is normal, acceptable, deviant, etc. but it is a discursive practice that is nonetheless in constant flux (Foucault). One of the central themes of Foucaults power is that it goes beyond politics and it is something which is there in day to day practices of society. Due to this, state centered power jams, including rebellions, dont bring in the necessary change in societies. He has also pointed out, how deeply norms are implanted in our minds, that we dont even recognize them, and it makes adhere to discipline ourselves without any willful imposition from others. It has a direct and creative role in our lives. It comes from various places, and operates from the top down and from the bottom up (Foucault). Power is at its zenith when it is inside specific institutions such as schools, prisons or hospitals, we should be careful about locating forms of power with particular institutions, because power is neither a superstructure nor a quality of an institution (Foucault). Politics was usually seen in the conventional sense as an external force trying to subjugate its subjects, and the subjects, feel coerced as they are not in a position to negotiate or for want of greater good of the society. It follows from the earlier points that power is not just applicable to political institutions as has been thought traditionally. For Foucault politics is not just limited to state politics, it has a wide range of system for domination, and is applicable to a plethora of techniques, from the subjects control of himself to the bio political control of people (Foucault). Therefore, Foucaults view of power changes the traditional way of looking at politics.

Artificial Intelligence In Military Application Information Technology Essay

Artificial Intelligence In Military Application Information Technology Essay Since the dawn of civilizations, humans have endeavored to be in control of their environments and surroundings. This quest resulted in many discoveries and inventions, most notably among them are machines. Human used machines as an aid to make ones life comfortable, effective and efficient and aimed to develop machines capable of working like human beings, if possible. Computer is one of the most important machines which has not only raised hopes in this regard but has also contributed significantly in every sphere of human endeavor. Human approach to problem solving is one of its kinds. It is based on abstract thought, logic, reasoning and recognizing of pattern. Computers and humans are different. A computer is yet to understand all situations and simultaneously adapt to an evolving situations. The military systems including weapons will be smart; too fast, too small, too many, and will create a complex environment for humans to monitor, control and direct them. Information-based systems will lead to a data overload that will make it a challenge for humans to directly intervene in decision making. Weapons and other military systems already under development will function at increasingly higher levels of complexity and responsibility, without meaningful human intervention and control. In future military conflicts, norm of engagement will be to act rapidly. The military architectures of tomorrow will consist of a new array of sea, ground and space based sensors, unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAV), and missile defence technologies. These will take advantage of directed energy weapons. Military forces will be both faster and agile. Opponents will take advantage by operating faster than a defender can observe, orient, decide how to respond and act on that decision. The attacker will thus place himself inside the defenders Observe, Orient, Decide and Act (OODA) loop, destroying an adversarys ability to conduct an active defence  [1]  . To execute the OODA process faster than the enemy is at the core concept of future digital and information warfare. Automated systems, assisted by artificial intelligence in some form or the other, may be a way out for this problem. The advances gained in the field of artificial intelligence technology can be utilized by unmanned systems to be able to assess operational and tactical situations and decide an appropriate action. Information will drive success of command and control. These systems will collect data, have the ability to analyze data and provide recommendations to the commander. The difference between providing a recommendation and acting on a recommendation may be only a software twist. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer science focusing on creating machines that can engage on behaviour that humans consider intelligent. AI aims to improve machine behaviour in tackling complex tasks. Smart machines have now become a reality and researchers are creating systems which can mimic human thought, understand speech, beat the best human chess player, and achieve many other advantages. With the introduction of web-enabled infrastructure rapid developments have been made in the application of Artificial Intelligence techniques in the recent past. AI is the key technology in many of todays applications in all field including military. AI methodologies are being applied to support decision making at all levels of military operations such as assessment of force readiness, reliability and capability, complex missions planning and integration of data from multiple sources  [2]  . Research in the field of AI is also addressing the challenges presented by supporting such decision making in rapidly changing environments. The use of such technology opens up endless possibilities in the military. This paper aims to trace the contours of AI, examine current efforts to utilise Artificial Intelligence and explore its potential applications in military. Genesis and Recent Past   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   The first Electronics computer was developed in 1941; however, the field of AI research was formally founded at a conference at Dartmouth College in 1956 only. Early work in AI focused on using cognitive and biological models to simulate and explain human information processing skills. In the 1990s and early 21st century, AI achieved its greatest successes. AI has advanced rapidly in the past decade. This happened due to greater use of the scientific method in experimenting with and comparing approaches that systematises and automates intellectual tasks. Thus it is relevant to any sphere of intellectual activities of human. The success can be attributed to the incredible power of modern computers, a greater emphasis on solving specific sub-problems, the creation of new ties between AI and other fields working on similar problems. AI is seen and perceived by different people or groups of people differently. The definitions of artificial intelligence can be broadly put into two approaches: one centred around humans and other centred on rationality  [3]  . The human centred approach must be an empirical science involving hypothesis and experimental confirmation while a rationalist approach involves a combination of mathematics and engineering. There have been efforts to introduce new creative approaches and refine the best one. Recent progress in understanding the theoretical basis for intelligence has gone hand in hand with improvements in the capabilities of real systems. Various subfields of AI have become more integrated. AI has found some common ground with other disciplines. A better understanding of the problems and their complex properties, combined with increased mathematical sophistication has led to workable research agendas. Fields of AI In AI the problem of intelligence simulation is generally divided into a number of specific sub-problems. These consist of particular capabilities that researchers like an intelligent system to display. For difficult problems, most of the algorithms require large computational resources and the amount of memory or computer time required become very high. With rapid strides in computer technology, research and utilization, the field of AI witnessed new frontiers. Russell and Norvig explains, AI encompasses a large variety of subfields ranging from general purpose area such as learning and perception to such specific tasks as playing chess, proving mathematical theorems, writing poetry, and diagnosing diseases. AI systematises and automates intellectual tasks and is therefore potentially relevant to any sphere of human intellectual activity. In a sense, it is a truly universal field  [4]  The various fields and subfields that received more attention in order to solve larger problem s are: Learning The centrality of learning was discussed by Turing in 1950. From the beginning itself machine learning has been central to AI research. The ability to find a pattern in a stream of input is called unsupervised learning where as supervised learning includes classification and numerical regression both. Classification is used to determine what category something belongs in. This is done after seeing a number of examples of things from several categories. Regression takes a set of numerical input and output examples and attempts to discover a continuous function that would generate the outputs from the inputs. In case of reinforcement learning, the agent is rewarded or punished based on good or bad responses. Natural Language Processing It gives machines the ability to read and understand the languages spoken by human beings. Text mining and machine translation are example of some basic applications of natural language processing. Perception Perception provides agents with information about the world in which they exist. Perception is initiated by sensors. Machine perception is the ability to use input from various sensors such as cameras, microphones, sonar etc to deduce aspects of the world. Computer vision is the ability to analyse visual input. Facial recognition, object recognition and speech recognition are some of the selected sub-problems Social Intelligence In order to obtain social intelligence capability, Artificial intelligence has to establish able human interaction and also possess the emotions that people have during their everyday lives. Social skills and emotion play two important roles for an intelligent agent. First, it should be able to foresee the actions of others, by knowing their motives and state of emotions. This involves elements of game theory, decision theory, as well as the ability to model human emotions and also the perceptual skills to detect emotions. Also, it is expected that for good human-computer interaction, emotions need to be displayed by an intelligent machine also. It must appear polite and sensitive to the humans it interacts with. At best, it should have normal emotions and at least it should appear polite. Creativity Artificial Intelligence that deals with the development and exploration of systems that exhibit creativity. It includes systems capable of such things as scientific invention, visual artistry, music composition and story generation etc. A section of AI addresses creativity both theoretically from a psychological perspective and practically via specific implementations of systems that generate outputs that can be considered creative. Artificial Intuition and Artificial Imagination are the areas related with computational research. General Intelligence Many of the researchers hope that their work will finally be included into a machine with general intelligence, combining all the other skills and exceeding human abilities at most of them. Knowledge Representation knowledge representation is one of the important and most familiar concepts in AI. Most of the problems that machines are expected to solve will require extensive knowledge about the world. Among the things that AI needs to represent are objects, properties, categories and relations between objects, situations, events, states and time, causes and effects, and many other less well researched domains. Knowledge representation and knowledge engineering are central to AI research Planning Planning are the subfields of AI devoted to finding action sequences that achieve the agents goals. Intelligent agents should be able to lay down goals and accomplish them. They need a way to imagine the future and be able to select choices that maximize the value of the available choices. They should have a representation of the state of the world and be able to make predictions about how their actions will change it. Multi-agent planning uses the cooperation and competition of many agents to achieve a given goal. Tools Used to Solve Problems of AI In the course of years of research, AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the difficult problems in computer science. A few of the most common of these methods are mentioned: Search and Optimisation Search is the subfield of AI devoted to finding action sequences that achieve the agents goal. Several problems in AI can be solved in theory by intelligently searching through many possible solutions. Reasoning can be reduced to simply perform a search operation. Planning algorithms search through trees of goals and sub-goals, attempting to find a path to a target goal. This process is called means-ends analysis. Robotics algorithms for moving limbs and grasping objects use local searches in configuration space. Several learning algorithms use search algorithms based on optimization. In case of most of the real world problems, simple exhaustive searches are rarely sufficient. Therefore, heuristics supply the program with a best guess for the path on which the solution lies on.   Also in case of many problems, it is possible to begin the search with some form of a guess and then incrementally refine the guess until no more refinements can be made. Logic Logic is the primary vehicle for representing knowledge. It is used for knowledge representation and problem solving. However, it can be applied to other problems also. AI uses several different forms of logic research. Propositional or sentential logic is the logic of statements which can be true or false. There is well developed technology for reasoning in proportional logic First-order logic also permits the use of quantifiers and predicates. It can express details about objects, their properties, and their relations with each other. Fuzzy logic is a version of first-order logic. It allows the truth of a statement to be represented as a value between 0 and 1, rather than simply True or False. Fuzzy systems have been widely used in modern industrial and consumer product control systems and can be used for uncertain reasoning. Several extensions of logic have been intended to handle many domains of knowledge. Other forms of logic designed to help with default reasoning and the qualification problem include default logics, non-monotonic logics and circumscription Probabilistic Methods For Uncertain Reasoning A large number of problems in AI such as learning, reasoning, planning, perception and robotics call for the agent to operate either with uncertain or incomplete information. A number of powerful tools using methods from probability theory and economics have devised by AI researchers to solve these problems. Bayesian networks are a very common tool that can be used for a large number of problems likes learning, reasoning, planning and perception etc. Probabilistic algorithms can also be used for filtering, prediction and finding explanations for streams of data, helping perception systems to analyse processes that occur over time. Mathematical tools have been developed that analyse how an agent can make choices and plan, using decision theory, decision analysis, information value theory. Classifiers and Statistical Learning Methods Classifiers and Controllers are two types of AI applications. Classification forms a central part of many AI systems however, controllers do also classify conditions before inferring actions. Classifiers are functions that make use of pattern matching to determine a closest match. They can be tuned as per examples, making them very attractive for use in AI. These examples are known as patterns or observations. Each pattern belongs to a certain predefined class in case of supervised learning. All the observations combined with their class labels are known as a data set. When a new observation is received, that observation is classified based on earlier experience. A classifier can be trained in many ways. Neural networks A neuron is a cell in the brain whose principal function is the collection, processing, and dissemination of electrical signals. The brains image processing capacity is considered to emerge mainly from network of neurons. A neural network is an interconnected group of nodes, similar to the large network of neurons in the human brain. Neural networks are designed to distinguish patterns in data and forecast an output from a given set of data. Neural networks need to be trained on the data before it can predict or learn. In this way they learn from examples similar to the way a child learns. Computer learning skills that are developed for neural networks are used in a class of computer programs called expert systems. Expert systems also learn from experience and get better at their job, the longer they are doing it. Control Theory Control theory is the foundation of AI and deals with designing devices that act optimally on the basis of feedback from the environment. Initially, the mathematical tools of control theory were quite different from AI, but the fields are coming closer together. Control theory, has many important applications, especially in robotics. Languages AI researchers have developed several specialized languages for AI research, including Lisp and Prolog. In AI, the automation or programming of all aspects of human cognition is considered from its foundations in cognitive science through approaches to symbolic and sub-symbolic AI, natural language processing, computer vision, and evolutionary or adaptive systems. It is inherent to this very complex problem domain that in the initial phase of programming a speci ¬Ã‚ c AI problem, it can only be speci ¬Ã‚ ed poorly. Only through interactive and incremental re ¬Ã‚ nement does more precise speci ¬Ã‚ cation become possible. This is also due to the fact that typical AI problems tend to be very domain speci ¬Ã‚ c therefore, heuristic strategies have to be developed.. Applications of AI General The probable applications of Artificial Intelligence are plenty. Application of AI is possible in all fields, requiring intelligent analysis, precision and automation. They stretch from the military to the entertainment industry, to big establishments dealing with large amount of information such as banks, hospital and insurances. AI can also be used to predict customer behavior and detect the trends. There are many general fields where AI can be very usefully utilized for Autonomous planning and Scheduling, Autonomous Control, Medical Diagnosis, Logistics Planning, and Language Understanding, Problem Solving, Game Playing  [5]  . Some of the important applications are appended below: Pattern Recognition Pattern recognition is the area of research that studies the operation and design of systems that identify patterns in data. When a program makes observations of some kind, it is often programmed to compare what it sees with pattern e.g face, fingerprint or handwriting recognition. Important application areas are image analysis, character recognition, speech analysis, man and machine diagnostics and person identification. Bio-Informatics Bioinformatics is the application of computer technology for the management of biological information. AI provides several powerful algorithms and techniques for solving important problems in bioinformatics. Approaches like Neural Networks, Hidden Markov Models, Bayesian Networks and Kernel Methods are ideal for areas with more data but very less theory. The goal in applying AI to bioinformatics is to extract useful information from the wealth of available data by building good probabilistic models. Data Mining An AI powered tool that can discover useful information within a database that can then be used to improve actions. Data mining  is the process of extracting patterns from  data. Data mining is seen as an increasingly important tool by modern business to transform data into business intelligence giving an informational advantage. It is currently used in a wide range of profiling practices such as marketing,  surveillance,  fraud  detection, and scientific discovery. Expert Systems An expert system is a computer program that represents the reason with knowledge of some specialist subject with a view to solve problems or give advice  [6]  . It is the knowledge-based applications of artificial intelligence that have enhanced productivity in almost all fields such as business, science, engineering, and the military. With advances in the last decade, todays expert systems clients can choose from dozens of commercial software packages with easy-to-use interfaces. Diagnosis and Trouble-shooting explain the development and testing of a condition-monitoring sub-module of an integrated plant maintenance management application based on AI techniques. It is mainly knowledge-based systems, having several modules, sub-modules and sections. Computer Vision It is essential for computer to perceive the objects. Vision includes the acquisition and processing of visual information both. AI enabled technologies have made possible many amazing achievements. Vehicles that are able to steer themselves safely along highways, and computers that can recognize and interpret speech or facial expressions. AI supported vision technology has made many applications possible. Some of them are like 3D modeling, image stabilization, image synthesis, surgical navigation, handwritten document recognition, and vision based computer interfaces. While explaining success of an autonomous system trial supported by computer vision Russel and Norvig mentioned: The ALVIN computer vision system was trained to steer a car to keep it following a lane.   It was tried in the Carnegie Melon University (CMU) NAVLAB computer controlled minivan and used to navigate across the United States for 2850 miles it was in control of steering the vehicle 98% of the time. A human took over the other 2% mostly at the exit ramps. NAVLAB has video cameras that transmit road images to ALVIN, which then computes the best direction to steer, based on experience from previous training runs.  [7]   Image Processing Perception appears to be an effortless activity for humans however, it requires significant amount of sophisticated computation. The team associated with image formation and processing is concerned with research issues related to the acquisition, manipulation, and synthesis and distribution of images. In AI, applications include video phone, video conferencing, teleconferencing, and multimedia databases. Progressively, this research has combined image or vision with audio or speech. For example in the video indexing project, the group is using both visual and audio cues to derive semantic labels for video shots. Robotics Robots are physical agents that perform tasks by manipulating the physical world. Robots are comprised of several systems working together as a whole. Robots are widely used in assembly plants, space stations, and hospitals and now in homes also. Other type of mobile robots includes unmanned land vehicle, unmanned aerial vehicles and autonomous underwater vehicle. Knowledge Representation and Reasoning The representation of knowledge and the reasoning processes that bring knowledge to life are the two concepts, central to the field of AI. The knowledge representation means encoding real world, commonsense etc in a format that is both readable and understandable by the computer. Logical Agents is the representation of knowledge and the reasoning processes that bring knowledge to life. Logic is the primary vehicle for representing the knowledge throughout and Semantic webs describe things in a way that computer applications understand. Gaming Game playing was one of the first tasks taken by AI. Games, unlike other problems, are interesting because they are too difficult to solve. Games like the real world require the ability to make some decisions even when calculating the optimal decision is not feasible. Games also penalize inefficiency severely. Game playing research has contributed in many ideas on how to make best possible use of time. AI techniques are used in computer and video games to produce the illusion of intelligence in the behaviour of non-player characters. The techniques used typically draw upon existing methods from fields that include control theory, robotics etc. IBMs Deep Blue became the first computer programme to defeat the world champion in a chess match when it performed better than Garry Kasparov in an exhibition match. Military Applications The military applications of Artificial Intelligence are spread over large areas of military functions. Some of the military functions where AI techniques are being used or have potential use are given below. Operations Command and Control Command and Control is considered as one of the most important functions of military operations. In a networked centered scenario of battlefield with host of sensors deployed at different stages and the amount of data flowing between various centres, the time available for decision making is at premium. The information overload sometimes can impair the decision making hence require intelligent filtering of information to take timely and appropriate decisions. AI is used in playing a decisive role in reducing the load on the human beings in the loop and at times taking autonomous decisions as and when warranted. Navigation The availability of Global Positioning Satellites (GPS), Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) and autopilot along with host of sensors and On-board computers has helped in overcoming certain human limitations and resulted in safe and efficient management of flying aircrafts. ISR Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance are the key elements of battlefield management. Over time the battlefield scenario has undergone dramatic change and so as the means of identification, surveillance and reconnaissance. Advancement in technology in many spheres has offered sensors with high sensitivity, small sizes and better visibility. AI has contributed significantly in this regard in terms of ground, aerial, space and underwater ISR capabilities.   Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) using AI offer tremendous potential as intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance platforms for early detection of security threats and for acquisition and maintenance of situational awareness in the crisis condition. Using their capabilities effectively requires addressing a range of practical and theoretical problems. Developments in the field of hardware and software technologies, as well as economies of scale, make UAVs feasible for increasingly diverse airborne observation mission s. Expert systems are promising technologies that manage information demands and provide required expertise. Thus they are well suited to many of the tasks associated with environmental impact assessment. While highlighting the contribution of artificial intelligence in battlefield surveillance using geographical information system, Maj Jagmohan Singh of Project Management organization, Battlefield surveillance system , Army HQ concludes: Transparency of the battlefield is a critical factor influencing the outcome of future battles. Battlefield transparency would provide a framework for `scientific and deliberate decision making. The dependence of commanders on paper maps and sand models for operational planning will have to be replaced by the latest GIS tools. These tools permit dynamic visualization of a 3D terrain model for seamless access, query and analysis across multiple types of military geographical data. Mapping and analysis is done using various GIS technologies incorporating satellites and aerial imagery, and photography of the target area. The future technologies would further enhance the visualization techniques and enable the commanders to take timely decisions to defeat the adversaries. However, emphasis needs to focus on refinement of some critical technologies such as Multi Sensor Data Fusion (MSDF), Artificial Intelligence and Interoperability issues.   [8]   Weapon System The weapon technology has seen constant change and has gained more lethality and effectiveness in its evolution. A host of modern weapons are in use or in process of development which can change the landscape of the battlefield. Missiles, Directed energy weapons, Standoff weapons, autonomous weapons etc are few examples of intelligent weapons and have even greater potential in future. Communications and Computers Communication is the core of all activities. In the age of modern communication, the geographical boundaries have come closer and visibility has improved to a great extent. The advent of satellite and availability of internet has revolutionized the communication. In future the success of battlefield will depend on maintenance of network connectivity and management of information from a large variety of sources. This will also made real time communication more important. The non availability of real time information can hamper the decision making ability of soldiers fighting the war. It may result in the failure of mission and even danger to personal survival. Wren, Ichalkaranje and Jain commented on the contribution and maturity of AI: Intelligent Decision Support Systems have the potential to transform human decision making by combining research in artificial intelligence, information technology, and systems engineering. The field of intelligent decision making is expanding rapidly partly due to advances in artificial intelligence and network-centric environments that can deliver the technology. Communication and coordination between dispersed systems can deliver just-in-time information, real-time processing, collaborative environments, and globally up-to-date information to a human decision maker. At the same time, artificial intelligence techniques have demonstrated that they have matured sufficiently to provide computational assistance to humans in practical applications.  [9]   Network centric environment facilitates leveraging Artificial Intelligence to allow soldiers to access and share information throughout the entire network. Network centric environment provides coordination, where each node in the network helps provide a flawless, decentralized organization of intelligent resources. Maintenance Repair and Overhaul The fighting capability of the forces depends upon the serviceability and availability of the range of equipment held in its inventory. Most of the modern days equipments used for military application have certain defined life span. Also the demand of battlefield has ensured that highly sophisticated equipments should be made available for combat. This demands a system with quick fault diagnostic capability, easy maintainability and highly trained human resources along with modern ground facilities. Presently the expert systems are in use to analyze the faulty Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) of Radars or aircraft avionics using Automatic Test Equipments (ATE). Built-in Test systems are encouragingly being used with modern development of weapons. The techniques such as expert system and robotics are fairly in use in military application however has the potential to be exploited at much greater scale to expedite automation. Logistics Logistics is the life line in case of military operations. The various models of operations research have been employed in effective management of the logistics operation. The system of simulation has helped in optimizing the operation and AI has a great potential in assisting in planning and keeping the supply chain effective and efficient. Russell and Norvig highlighted that: During the Persian Gulf crisis of 1991, US forces deployed a Dynamic Analysis and Replanning Tool (DART) to do automated logistics planning and scheduling for transportation. This involved up to 50000 vehicles, cargo and people at a time and had to account for starting point, destinations, routes, and conflict resolution among all parameters. The AI planning techniques allowed a plan to be generated in hours that would have taken weeks with older methods. The Defence Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) stated that this single application more than paid back its 30 year inv

The Misconceptions Of The Jungle By Upton Sinclair Essay examples -- e

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upton Sinclair had always insisted that The Jungle was misread but did he ever think it could have been miswritten? The style of writing is not effective when addressing issues in a capitalistic society but proves to be very effective when exposing the secrets of the meatpacking industry. The novel is not remembered for being a classic work in literature but rather an important book in history in that it changed the way America looked at food in the early part of the century.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sinclair loses his argument for Socialism at around the time when the characters in the book lose their humanity. The multitude of unfortunate situations and events makes the story more and more unrealistic and the reader loses a sense of compassion for the characters. Now, instead of being characters, they become objects in which the most you can do is pity them. When Jurgis comes home from jail to find his barely eighteen year-old wife dying, the third person omniscient narration guides the reader through the mind of Jurgis: â€Å"She was dead! She was dead! He would never see her again, never hear her again! An icy horror of loneliness seized him.† (190) After Ona’s death, one could not anticipate anything more to go wrong, but it does. In just a short time later, Jurgis’ son Antanas drowned in the street. It is extremely obvious that Sinclair is a Socialist himself. Anything and everything that could go wrong in the first three quarters of th...

Differing Views on the 1969 Woodstock Music Festival Essay -- American

Differing Views on the 1969 Woodstock Music Festival On August 15, 1969 at five-o’clock p.m., on a 600-acre hog farm in the small town of Bethel, NY, Richie Havens took the stage as the opening act at the legendary Woodstock Festival. Destined to become the largest gathering of people in one place at one time, Woodstock stood for three days of peace, love, and music amidst the horrors of the Vietnam War. Hundreds of thousands of men, women, and children made their way to the Catskills in New York to take part in the festival and hear their favorite music groups live. Even though tickets for the event had been pre-sold, the directors of the Woodstock declared it a free event on the same day that it started. All over the country people watched footage and read about the festival that many believed was going to be a disaster. But they were proved wrong. Music was the peacekeeper at Woodstock, as the people in attendance listened to over twenty-five music groups that performed from the afternoon of August 15 through the morning of August 18. This weekend during 1969 marks a milestone in American history, where almost 500,000 people joined together in peace for the sake of music. Since that mesmerizing time during the August of 1969, numerous books have been written about the Woodstock Musical Festival. The books allow people to dig deeper and go behind the scenes to find out what made Woodstock such a success. On the other hand, one can always search the newspaper archives and retrieve an account of Woodstock from a reporter’s view at the same time the festival occurred. The only difference between a book written at a later date and a newspaper article written during the summer of 1969 is the formality. ... ...n the same level of formality as does the newspaper articles. Both present the material about Woodstock in a different manner, but at the same time they both include very pertinent information about the festival. Each form of writing puts its own twist on the interpretation of Woodstock. Clearly there are differences in the way that Woodstock was presented in the 1969 Washington Post and in the 1979 book, Barefoot in Babylon. Both prove to be very acceptable sources on the Woodstock festival. From the kind of information given in the sources to the form of writing used to the formality of the content, they all add up to two different views about Woodstock. Works Cited Spitz, Robert Stephen. Barefoot in Babylon: The Creation of the Woodstock Music Festival, 1969. New York: The Viking Press, 1979. The Washington Post, August 15 – 21, 1969.

Extracurricular activity

But today some universities are applying for the student participating in extracurricular activities after classes at school to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning. So some study is done to show the benefits of extracurricular activities. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, many colleges and universities have a broad educational mission to develop the â€Å"whole student. † On college campuses, extracurricular involvement is a key tool in this personal development. For the ajority of college and university students, involvement in extracurricular activities plays an integral role in the collegiate experience.Students become involved in extracurricular activities not only for entertainment, social, and enjoyment purposes, but most important, to gain and improve skills. Youth problem behaviors, such as truancy, violence, and substance use, are alarming to parents, teachers and youth alike. These behaviors disrupt the learning environment and lead to seri ous social and economic problems. Some experts have argued that rather than trying to prevent individual problem behaviors, parents, chools and communities should work towards building a youth's ability to resist the lure of problem behaviors (Dryfoos, 1990; Werner ; Smith, 1992).As youth develop, they need positive settings that offer the opportunity to build these important internal resources (Hawkins ; Weiss, 1985). Researchers and teachers have long suggested that extracurricular activity participation can be an important source of positive influence in the lives of youth (Holland ; Andre, 1987). This Fact Sheet will explore how youth participation in extracurricular activities can encourage positive youth development. . 2. Objective The importance of extracurricular activities on college campuses is well established.The primary goals of extracurricular activities focus on the individual student level, the institutional level, and the broader community level. These activities ex ist to complement the university's academic curriculum and to augment the student's educational experience. According to a 1993 article by Alexander Astin, almost any type of student involvement in college positively affects student learning and development. Extracurricular activities provide a setting to become involved and o interact with other students, thus leading to increased learning and enhanced development.Specifically, a student's peer group is the most important source of influence on a student's academic and personal development. By identifying with a peer group, that group may influence a student's affective and cognitive development As the development of the well-rounded individual is a principal goal of extracurricular activities on college and university campuses, the numerous experiences these activities afford positively impact students' emotional, intellectual, ocial, and inter-personal development. By working together with other individuals, students learn to neg otiate, communicate, manage conflict, and lead others.Taking part in these out-of-the-classroom activities helps students to understand the importance of critical thinking skills, time management, and academic and intellectual competence. Involvement in activities helps students mature socially by providing a setting for student interaction, relationship formation, and discussion. Working outside of the classroom with diverse groups of individuals allows for tudents to gain more self-confidence, autonomy, and appreciation for others' differences and similarities. Students also develop skills specific to their career path and imperative for future job success.Students have opportunities to improve their leadership and interpersonal skills while also increasing their self-confidence. Extracurricular involvement allows students to link academic knowledge with practical experience, thereby leading to a better understanding of their own abilities, talents, and career goals. Future employ ers seek individuals with these increased skill levels, making hese involved students more viable in the Job market. Specifically, participation in extracurricular activities and leadership roles in these activities are positively linked to attainment of one's first Job and to managerial potential.Student involvement in extracurricular activities also positively impacts educational attainment. Ernest T. Pascarella and Patrick T. Terenzini's 1991 research indicates that extracurricular involvement has a positive impact on attaining a bachelor's degree and on educational aspirations. Students who are actively engaged re more likely to have higher educational ambitions than uninvolved students. Finally, extracurricular activities focus on institutional goals, such as building and sustaining community on campus as well as student retention.As campuses become more diverse, students desire an environment in which they feel connected to others and to the university. Extracurricular activit ies provide a place for students to come together, discuss pertinent ideas and issues, and accomplish common goals. Within this community, where students feel comfortable with one another, learning and evelopment are enhanced and student retention is positively impacted. According to Vincent Tinto's 1987 research, students will be more likely to persist in college if they feel they have had rewarding encounters with a college's social and academic systems.Through extracurricular participation, students frequently interact with peers who have similar interests, providing social integration into the college environment. As a result, involved students view their college years as a positive experience and feel they are a vital part of the university, resulting in higher retention rates. 1. 3. Organization Chapter 1 of this study introduced the problem statement and described the specific problem addressed in the study as well as design components. problem addressed in this study.Chapter 3 presents the methodology and procedures used for data collection and analysis. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter will provide discussion some of the positive effects in student development based on participating in extracurricular activities. In addition, this chapter will also describe how extracurricular activities can effect personal, social and academic development in a positive manner. 2. . Introduction 2. 1 . 1. Definition: â€Å"Extracurricular activities are those that fall outside the realm of the normal curriculum of school or university education, performed by students† (Wikipedia).Extracurricular activities are opportunities to engage in extensions of academic activities and/or non-academic activities under school auspices. In special circumstances, for example, when there are budget or scheduling constraints, extracurricular activities may provide experiences that would otherwise be offered within the school day. (wiseGEEK. org) Extracurricular can be valuable experience. If you have a career or study interest that you can pursue outside the classroom, take advantage. Think you might be interested in medicine? Try volunteering at a local hospital.Are you destined to be a writer? Join your school's newspaper or literary magazine. These activities can help give you a strong foundation should you decide to pursue them further, academically or professionally. (The Princeton Review) 2. 1. 2. Extracurricular types: These activities are generally voluntary as opposed to mandatory, non-paying, social, philanthropic as opposed to scholastic, and often involve others of the same age. Students often organize and direct these activities under faculty sponsorship, although student-led initiatives, such as independent newspapers, are common.There are many types of extracurricular activities: Athletics, Clubs, and Competitions†¦ 2. 2. Benefits of Extracurricular Activities: There are many schools today that provide a lot of extracurricular activit ies. Some occur before school, some after school, and a few may even take place on the weekends. While some people are a bit dubious about participating in extracurricular activities, these activities actually bring with students many benefits. Allowing tudents to get involved in extracurricular activities at school is a wise choice, and it can be very important in helping them to develop many working skills, people skills, and more.Here is a closer look at some of the benefits of extracurricular activities for students in university 1) Learning Time Management and Prioritizing Esteem One great benefit of students being involved in extracurricular activities is that need to learn how to control a variety of different tasks in school & life as well, and getting involved in these activities can give them some practice at it. 2) Getting Involved in Diverse Interests Getting involved in extracurricular activities also allows students to get involved in diverse interests. It is important for students to be very diverse in their interests.These activities allow them to explore various interests that they may have. 3) Learning About Long Term Commitments This is another excellent benefit. Students learn about long term commitments when the Join one of the activities or clubs. They commit themselves to that activity for a period of time. If they have some troubles which they must try to solve for keeping up to their end of the deal, they will learn how to overcome difficult in any ase. If not, no doubt they'll hear about it from their peers and perhaps even teachers when they give up. ) Making a Contribution Extracurricular activities allow students to make a contribution in some way. It shows that they are getting away from Just thinking about themselves and contributing to something else. They will be taught about receive ; giving. 5) Raises Self-Esteem There are many students that feel worthless or that there is nothing they are good at. Everyone wants to find some thing that they are really good at, and extracurricular activities provide them with a way that they can get involved in omething and really shine, giving their self-esteem a boost. ) Building Solid Relationship Skills Students need to get involved in social activities and learn how to appropriate act in social situations and these activities give them a chance outside of school to do this, while they are still being supervised by adults. 7) Looks Great on Jobs Applications Another benefit of Joining extracurricular activities is that it looks great on Job applications. Most employers not only look at grades, but they take a look at extracurricular activities that students are involved in while they are in university.They want to see that students are getting out there and doing more than Just book work. The activities that teens are involved in reveal a lot about them, and definitely will say something to your boss in future. THE PROPOSED METHODOLOGY Objective: Giving benefits that extracurricular activities bring to students and teachers. Helping students and teachers understand the positive impact of the extra- curricular activities in teaching. 2. 3. Research design This study is designed to research about Benefits of Extracurricular Activities in Teaching by: *Exploratory in questions with students and interview with teacher.Explanatory and analysis reaction of students ; teacher with extracurricular activities This study is following a mixed research design between a qualitative about rate 2. 4. Data sources: Many data sources will be used in this study but main data sources is narratives, transcript of interviews and survey data. 2. 5. Data collection techniques: Narratives: we will ask some students to talk about extracurricular activities which they had. Transcript of interviews: we'll invite some teacher for interview about effective of extracurricular activities and reaction of students in their department.Interviews will e tape-recorded. Survey dat a: we'll create a survey online with yes/no questions and send to student as much as we can via social network, email, instant messenger. Google Drive will be used as a tool to create a survey online and data will be saved and summarized. A personal data sheet requested demographic data in addition to the responses to the ten survey questions. The survey instruments were distributed to the students enrolled at Department of International Relationship. The students returned the completed surveys on the internet throughout two week. 2. 6. Issues of reliability and validityInterviews will be tape-recorded. Survey online will get information as name, email of students who do the survey. Data of survey online will be accuracy rate each questions, each answer on graph by Google. We will try to get pictures as evidence for the story about extracurricular activities which are narrated. Interviewing teacher, maybe some teachers didn't organize an extracurricular activities. Survey online may be some students don't like do any survey or theyre not finish the survey, we will delete unfinished survey to get accuracy rate from Google. 2. 7. Sampling techniquesWe will use yes/no questions in questionnaire of survey online for students and open question is used to interviews teachers. 2. 8. Definitions of key terms, concepts and variables â€Å"Google Drive is a file storage and synchronization service provided by Google, which enables user cloud storage, file sharing and collaborative editing. Google Drive is the home of Google Docs, a suite of productivity applications that offer collaborative editing on documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and more†. (Wikipedia, Google Drive) â€Å"Google Forms is a tool that allows collecting information from users via a ersonalized survey or quiz.The information is then collected and automatically connected to a spreadsheet with the same name. The spreadsheet is populated with the survey and quiz responses. † (Wikipedia, Google Docs) LIST OF SOURCES – This document is using Template for a Master's proposal of vwwv. unisa. ac. za Questionnaires for take survey from students: Purpose: about reaction of student after activities, which benefits did they get? Please complete the following by ticking the appropriate box or writing a comment: 1. Does your course have any outdoor activities in studying? Yes No Don't know 3 2.Do you like those activities in course? Yes 3. How did you feel when you study in extracurricular activities? Best Normal Not Bad Bad 4 5 4. How much percent of lessons did you get from extracurricular activities? 5. Do you want to study more extracurricular activities in your course? Yes 6. Who will control in your extracurricular activities? You, the student or the teacher? Student Teacher Don't Know 7. Who will work more than other? The student or the teacher? 8. Can you compare between the way which you study indoor & outdoor? ln- class After-class 9.Do you see any preparati on of your teacher for the extracurricular activities? Is it too much things to do? Yes 10. Where are important factors to have extracurricular activities more interesting, attractive†¦? Student Collaboration Script to interviews teachers: Interviewer: Hello Teacher, I'm really thank you for spending a little time enjoy in our research. Our conversation will be tape-recorded, Are you agree with that? Teacher: † Interviewer: So can I know what your full names and where you teach? Teacher: Interviewer: Did you make any extracurricular activities for your students? *Yes 0 Interviewer:So what is it? How did you prepare for those activities? Do you think that activities help your students in study ; experience? Can you share with us about your students' reaction with your extracurricular activities? Can you compare between extracurricular activities and teaching in class? Which one more effective? 0 Interviewer: Did you think about make any extracurricular activities for your student? *Yes 0 So you thought about that but why don't you make any *No 0 So I think maybe you catch some weakness of extracurricular activities to decide not make any activities in your teaching, didn't you?

Marginalized Populations

April 14,2010 Communication for Marginalized Populations By: Nae Robinson Axia College of University of Phoenix HCA 230 Communication Skills for the Health Car Professional In this assignment we had to pick the best scenario for the four scenario that was given. I chose scenario 1, about an elderly woman who went to see the doctor for a examination her name is Mrs. Elson. She had a 24-year old medical assistant name Rosie who has been working in primary care practice for six months. While examining Mrs. Elson she weigh her, and took her blood pressure, at the same time she notice that Mrs. Elson was hard of hearing and show signs of stress and anxiety and seem confused about her results. We had three choices to choose from to see how the assistant would handle it and I chose choice 2 which states: â€Å" Mrs. Elson, your blood pressure is somewhat above normal–but normal can mean different numbers for different people. † â€Å" And what does that mean for me? † Mrs. Elson asks. Rosie says, â€Å" The doctor will have so much more information to share with you as to whether you have a problem and how to resolve it if you do. † I will be sure to document your question in the chart so he can address it with you. Accounting to the feedback for my choice, it is important that the technician keep the elderly patient in a positive mood, and diffuse extra anxiety above that which naturally occurs in a setting such as this. It is okay to share the blood pressure numbers; it is also possible to just say– â€Å"it is a little elevated. It is not the province of the medical technician to make personal commentary as to the reasons for this elevation. Essentially although she is a caregiver, she is not the primary caregiver, and does not have the expertise to make pronouncements or decisions for the patient. In scenario 3, you had a 39-year old woman from Venezuela who name is Ramona. She is an illegal alien with a green card pending and had been in the Un ited States for 17-years. This patient can speak English but do not speak it well so she have her 10-year old daughter interprets for her who’s name is Patricia. Jane, is the medical assistant who come in the examining room to discuss the problem with Ramona. The best choice for this situation is choice 1 which states: Hello, my name is Jane, Dr. Haven assistant, I am here to get you ready to see the doctor. How are you Ramona? And who is this beautiful child with you? Ramona responds, â€Å" This is my daughter, Patricia. † If I do not understand everything that you or the doctor says, Patricia can always help us out and interpret for me. â€Å" Good†, says Jane. â€Å" That what we need. † So what seems to be the problem. The feedback for the choice I pick states: Jane made Ramona and Patricia comfortable through friendly dialogue and by acknowledging Patricia. Now Ramona will be able to converse much more easily with the doctor, and Patricia will likely contribute valuable information. Last but not least scenario 4, we have a situation about the emergency room and how busy they can be. And if a situation is not of life or death people must sign in and wait to be call. We have a patient who walk in the emergency room name Marty, who eyes are red-rimmed and his breathing is rapid and shallow. He appears mussed, and not too clean. He moves erratically to the registration counter, where Maura is waiting to sign in patients. Now let’s see how she handle this situation with Marty. Out of the three choices number 2 is the best choice on how Maura handle the situation and it states: â€Å" Sir, you look in distress. † May I help you? I need help, said Marty. â€Å" What seems to be the problem? † Asks Maura. â€Å" Well, Marty says, I’m a farmer; I know it is allergy season, but I took my Asthma medicine and still can’t breathe! Please help me. According to the feedback for the choice I made; Maura, concern about the patient’s health, rather than his physical appearance, by identifying that Marty was in serious respiratory distress. By recognizing that he deserved as much or more care than other patients in the room, Maura correctly fulfilled her role as administrative staff. Good job Maura!!! I feel that this lesson from the simulatio n activity is to help handle different situations that may come up when you are a caregiver and work in the population. It also show how to handle ourselves and communicate with our patient’s on their level so they can understand us better.