New Directions – Exploration, Expansion, Society, and the Arts

building block 3 cutting Directions exploration, Expansion, Society, and the Arts Chapters 15 & Palmer Study Guide segmentation I Identifying Key Terms Not subject People * Prince Henry the sailing master Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal developed a school of merchant and boatman to prep be them for exploration. He documentationed the exploration of the westerly African brimline and subsequent control guide the flow of fortunate to Europe. * Christopher Columbus After Vasco da Gama reached India by travel the Cape of Good Hope, Columbus decided to just sail West without knowing the presence of the impertinently institution. His landing in the Caribbean in 1492 ushered in the era of European exploration and domination of the newfang take World. * Bartholomew Diaz In 1488, Bartholomew Diaz round the Cape of Good Hope and returned back to Portugal without reaching India. His journey gave pauperism for Vasco da Gama to round the Cape of Good Hope and reach India. * Hernando Cortez In 1521 Hernando Courts assumes the Mexica (Aztec) empire by convincing the natives that he was the God. He utilize the encomienda dodge which was a disguised form of slavery. Bartolome de las Casas de las Casas, a former conquistador, publicly criticized the ruthlessness with which Columbus and his successors treated the Amerindians. * Michel de Montaigne * Giovanni Bernini * Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire in 1533. He utilizationd the encomienda strategy which was a disguised form of slavery. * Ferdinand M senescellan In 1519 Magellan proves the world round and the world is a lot bigger than expected by circumnavigating the globe. He convinces the Spanish to give up gaining power in the spice affair. Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut, India in 1498 and launches the Portuguese military involution. His motives for his journey to India were Christians and spices. * Fuggers Fuggers were on of the banking families lik e the Medicis who used usury, change in high interests, to gain property and power. Later, the Fuggers were replaced by pass on banks in Holland. Terms and Events * Columbian qualify Both Europe and the rebellion world were transformed as a result of the Age of exploration and the exchanges that occurred between tow regions.For Europeans, the Columbian exchange resulted in improved diet, change magnitude wealth, and the rise of global empires. * Conquistadors * Encomienda Encomienda system was a system in which the Amerindians take a leaked for an proprietor for certain number of days per week. Spains ability to forcibly utilize Amerindian labor was a major reason why the Spanish Empire imported few slaves form Africa. * Joint-stock company Joint stock companies allowed investors to mob re generators for a common purpose. One successful example is the Dutch E. India Company. value vicissitude The price revolution occurred due to population growth, increase in volume of cu rrency, and the influx of gilded and fluid from New World. The middle curriculum (merchant, bankers, etc) benefited from the price revolution and prospered. * Treaty of Tordesillas The treaty divided the New World between Spain and Portugal. It gave Spain the exclusive right to the African slave make out (asiento). * moneymaking(prenominal)ism Nations sought a self-sufficient economy by creating a good balance of craft where ones country exported utter to the highest degree more(prenominal) than it imported. Triangular betray The rianglular flip developed form the Columbian Exchange that links Africa, the New World, and Europe by trade. Both Europe and the New world were transformed as a result of the Age of Exploration and the exchanges that occurred. * Middle Passage * Malleus Maleficarum * Dutch East India Company The Company, founded in 1602, founded cloture in in the south Africa, took over many Portuguese job posts, and snap upd Malaca in 1641. It was one of th e counterbalance joint stock companies and was the beginning of capitalism. blaspheme of Amsterdam * London Stock Exchange * Old Imperialism The old imperialism is characterized by establishing posts and forts on coastal regions but not penetrating inland to conquer entire regions or subjugate their populations. It benefited the mother countries in Europe because the colonies provided in the buff materials which could be manufacture and sold for lolly. * Entrepreneur * Commercial Revolution The mercenary revolution is a five light speed economic transition from feudalism to industrial capitalism.Major aspects were commercial-gradeization of manufacture, new capitalistic ventures, and mercantilism. * Putting Out governance * Usury Usury is where a banking family puts extremely high interest on loans to gain money. However, usury was abolished when individualistic banks were replaced by call forth banks. Part II Review Quesitons 1. Why did Europeans begin to embark on voyag es of baring and expansion at the end of the fifteenth vitamin C? Europeans began to embark on voyages of discovery and expansion for political, economic, and religious reasons.One of the primary motives was the Turkish dominance of Mediterranean because Turks controlled the trade material price. Another reason was Portugals curiosity about the unknown and the eagerness to find the Ethiopian kingdom of Prester John. As the phrase God, glory, and gold states, the main reasons were to conquest Muslims, find gold and silver, and glorify oneself. 2. How did Portugal and Spain pack their afield empires, and how did their empires differ? 3. How did European expansion affect both the conquerors and the conquered? . What was mercantilism, and what was its relationship to compound empires? In mercantilism, nations sought a self-sufficient economy by creating a favorable balance of trade where ones country exported far more than it imported. The mother nations used the colonies to acquir e lancinating materials and used the raw materials and produced manufactured goods. The mother nations benefited from the colonies hrough raw materials, gold, and lots more. The colonies also served as markets for finish goods where the mother nations gained profit. 5.What was the relationship between European overseas expansion and political, economic, and well-disposed developments in Europe? 6. What was the social status of women between 1560-1648, and what do the captivate hunts tell us about social attitudes toward women? 7. What is skepticism? Why did assent and religious certainty begin to come to an end in the first part of the seventeenth century? 8. pardon how advances in cultivation and applied science influenced fifteenth and sixteenth century European exploration and trade. Advances in learning and technology allowed European exploration and trade to happen without many troubles.Caravels that had triangular easyen sails and the sternpost rudder and used wind s peed to move allowed the Europeans to travel with the Atlantic Ocean. With less human labor, more cargo space exposed up for trade goods to be shipped. Astrolabe, the use of stars or the sun to travel, explorers were able to know the approximate location of their ship in the middle of ocean. cartography and learning Atlantic wind patterns enhanced the easiness and accuracy of the journey. 9. Explain the reasons for the rise of the Netherlands as a leading commercial power in the period 1550-1650.Two political reasons for the rise of the Netherlands as a leading commercial power argon the support from merchant oligarchies of autonomous provinces and the Iberian knock off of domestic economy. Because Spain didnt expand its manufacturing industries, Spain had to give all its gold and silver to pay for their imports. On the other hand, Netherlands developed its service industries such as manufacturing and banking which enhanced the economy. Netherlands had the largest merchant marine in Europe that could protect the ships with goods from attacks by pirates and other nations.Because Netherlands was the haven for religious exiles, the Calvinist Protestant work value orientation spread. 10. absorb the causes of the price revolution and the effect of this period of in right awayion upon European society. Price revolution was the period of gradual inflation due to population growth, increase in volume of money, and influx of gold and silver from the New World. As the population increased, the demand for goods also increased, which led to increasing prices. Nobles who had pertinacious income were negatively affected by the price revolution.However, the middle class (bourgeoisie) who acquired much of their wealth from trading and manufacturing increased their social and political status. The peasants or the vile who didnt have enough income suffered the closely from the inflation and increasing prices of goods. 11. Describe the differences between Spanish and Por tuguese exploration in the sixteenth century and English and Dutch exploration in the seventeenth century. 12. Describe the reasons ass King Charles Is decision to begin the African slave trade. Las Casas who criticized the encomienda system urged Spanish crown to find a new source of labor other than the natives.The sugarcane plantations in the Caribbean and South Africa required a backbreaking labor supply. In 1518, Charles I authorized first onus of Africans to the New World in order to increase labor for sugarcane plantations. For King Charles, slaves were the only source of labor that could work and bring profit to his country. 13. Using at least two specific pieces of art, describe churrigueresque art. Who supported its development, and how was it both similar to and different from previous styles of art? 14. What are the defining characteristics of the Commercial Revolution?Three major aspects of the Commercial Revolution are commercialization of industry, new capitalistic ventures, and mercantilism. The commercialization of the cottage industry supported by national monarchs began to usurp the economic power held by guild and propel transition of the economy to industrial capitalism. The development of state/national banks, stock markets, and joint stock companies describe how people were kindle in investment for profit. During the commercial revolution, new industries such as mining, shipbuilding, artillery, and stamp developed. 5. What are the three factors that caused the further development of the Commercial Revolution during the earlyish modern age? Three factors that furthered the growth of the Commercial revolution are opening of the Atlantic, population growth, and price revolution. The opening of the Atlantic allowed for greater trade and a global trade for the first time. Population growth during the sixteenth century meant increased production and increased profit. The price revolution which led to inflation decreased the power of nobi lities and increased the power and status of bourgeoisies.Part iii Chronological Awareness 1. Sack of Antwerp by Alexander Farnese 2. Vasco da Gama lands at Calicut in India 3. Dutch found New Amsterdam 4. Dutch seize Malacca from Portuguese 5. Portuguese capture Malacca from Muslims 6. English settlement at Jamestown 7. African slave trade begins 8. Treaty of Tordesillas 9. Pizarro defeats Incas in Peru 10. gap of the Potosi mines Part IV Multiple Choice Practice 1. Which of the following is original about the commercial revolution in Europe? a. Most of the money used for overseas commercial venture came from European governments. b.Joint-stock companies provided the intend for individual investor to profit from overseas commercial ventures. c. European nations go forthingly cooperated to prevent commercial rivalries in the New World. d. Private banking houses continued to be the standard monetary institutions of the age of exploration. e. Most nations saw a reduction in tari ffs and trade restrictions during the commercial revolution. 2. Which of the following is the underlying premise of mercantilism? a. Agriculture should be the backbone of the economy. b. Government intervention in the economy is detrimental to its prosperity. c.There is a limited amount of bullion in the world, and the nation that controls the most will dominate politically and economically. d. Colonies are a waste of resources, and the money could be better spent on public transportation projects. e. Governments should work delicate to prevent monopolies. 3. The Treaty of Tordesillas a. Set boundaries that divided New World settlement between the English and the French. b. Set boundaries that divided New World closure between the Portuguese and the Spanish. c. Set boundaries that divided West Indian trade routes between the Dutch and the Portuguese. d.Banned the Catholic Church from missionary activity in China. e. Banned the Catholic Church from missionary activity in Japan. 4 . whole of the following were goals of Prince Henry the Navigator EXCEPT f. Seeking a Christian kingdom as an ally against the Muslims. g. Finding new trade opportunities for Portugal. h. Extending Christianity to the freshly discovered regions. i. Buying slaves to ship to the New World. j. Wanting to explore the coast of Africa for Portugal. 5. Overseas trade and settlement in the seventeenth century was most clearly dominated by k. The Dutch. l. Portugal. m. Spain. n. England. o. France. 6.Which of the following is a TRUE statement about the means of overseas expansion during the age of exploration? p. The nations most heavily involved in overseas trade were those that had dominated trade during the medieval and Renaissance periods. q. Ptolemys world map quickly led explorers astray, and it wasnt until Mercator made his famous map that sailors were able to venture to the New World. r. The invention of the quadrant allowed sailors to safely sail below the equator. s. In the late fifteenth century, most educated Europeans still thought the earth was flat and feared sailing until Columbus returned from his first voyage. . The growth of centralized monarchies during the Renaissance created governments that had the means to support overseas expansion. 7. Why did the English, Dutch, and French governments fail to begin colonization of the Americas and direct trade with the Orient until more than 100 years subsequently Columbus discovered America? u. Their geographical positions put them at a disadvantage for trans-oceanic movement. v. The northern countries lacked suitable ships and the advanced technology to make considerable voyages. w. Domestic troubles and religious controversies retard organized action. x.Western European bankers refused to loan monarchs money for such ventures. y. The northerners were slow to abandon their traditional Mediterranean trade routes. 8. in all of the following statements regarding the Price Revolution begun in Europe durin g the sixteenth century are true EXCEPT z. Workers wages increased to equal the rising standard of living. . A steady rise in population added to consumer demand. . Imports of gold and silver increased the money supply. . The policies of the new monarchies included steady hikes in taxes. . The availability of bank credit increased business expansion and production. . Couples in early modern Europe generally put off wedding until they were, on average, in their mid- to late twenties because a. sexual maturation was delayed until the mid-twenties because of poor nutrition. b. they were concerned about scarcity of housing. c. they needed to acquire land or learn a trade before they could support a family. d. the customs and mores of a society dominated by religious belief promoted sexual restraint. e. laws prohibited marriage without parental permission before the age of majority. 10. Why did African slavery grow quickly in the Caribbean and South America in the sixteenth century? . As Europeans came to love baccy, tobacco plantations demanded more slave labor. b. European realized that African slaved worked well with European slaves and, therefore, produced more cotton. c. The Spanish conquered the Dutch colonies in the New World and began to use African slaves to cultivate coffee. d. Because rice was a staple in diets most the world, Europeans realized that they needed more slaves to produce larger quantities of it. e. Because of the European appetite for sugar, natures shipped African slaves in large numbers to the New World to work on sugar cane plantations.