Optimum Temperature for Catalase in Potato

Optimum Temperature for Catalase in PotatoHydrogen peroxide is a common by-product produced during metabolism in dungeon organisms. On accumulation, hydrogen peroxide bed hold up various implications on living cells such as skin disorders (Schallreuter Rokos 2006). Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide gives let fall out harmless weewee and oxygen, as shown by the equation 2H2O2 (aq) 2H2O (l) + O2 (g).The vagabond of depravation reaction of hydrogen peroxide is get-go and it can be increased by an enzyme called Catalase. An enzyme is essentially a biological catalyst that can increase the rate of reaction but body chemically unchanged at the residuum of the reaction (Pang 1997, p.63). Catalase readily speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide at a rate of millions of hydrogen peroxide molecules per second (Goodsell 2004). It is particularly all-important(a) in liver cells and kidney cells for removal of any toxins present in the store stream to maintain health (Al berts et al. 2002).By varying the temperatures using water baths and measuring the time interpreted for first bubbling and when bubbling remains constant, the rate of breakdown of hydrogen peroxide can be calculated by the reciprocals of the touchstoned time. The temperature at which the reaction rate is the grea psychometric scrutiny is referred to as optimum temperature (Pang 1997, p.70). That is the say, enzyme catalase catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide the most effectively at this temperature.AimsIn this experiment, the influence of temperature on the activity catalase is examined. We aim to find out how its activity changes over a range of temperatures, in order to fix the optimum temperature of this enzyme catalysed reaction.MethodsEquipmentWater bath (10C, 35C, 45C, 60C) codswallopBeakers x2 (for the ice bath)Thermometer (to ensure that the ice bath is interrogation undergrounds x10Non-permanent marker timepieceHydrogen Peroxide x200mLCork BorerScalpelsWatch glasses aluminium FoilRulerPotatoPipettorSafetyHydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) is acerbic and hence safety glasses must be worn to go along eye contact.The decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide would produce pure oxygen so combustible materials must be kept well away. observational proceduresSet up the following apparatus according to the following conditionsTest TubeTemperatureAB35CC45CD60CERoom temperature give chase the test tubes to be rehearsed, according to the above table.Cover the stock H2O2 with aluminium foil to prevent decomposition under light.Prepare enzyme catalase by inserting through the centre of the spud, with aid of a cork up borer.Using the scalpel and ruler, cut 1cm pellets of potato that was extracted with the cork borer.Half-fill a beaker with tap water and add in broken in ice to make water bath for A. Wait for some(prenominal) proceedings to allow stabilization of temperature.Insert test tube A, leave for a 3 proceedings before using the 10mL pipette to ad d 8mL H2O2 to the test tube.Add the 1cm pellet of potato to the test tube.Start the timekeeper and drop the time required for the first bubbling to occur and the time when the enumerate of bubbles produced remain constant. Record all observations.Repeat steps 6-8 for test tubes B to E but without addition of ice. Put them directly into the water baths purchasable in the laboratory.Repeat steps 4-10 twice, recording all observations and results.Average the results obtained for test tubes A-E in each experiment (ignoring outliers), and plot your results against temperature.Extrapolate the graph to arrange the optimum temperature for enzyme activity.DiscussionTo achieve results with greater accuracy, we have taken several precautions. Firstly, I was the person who recorded the time throughout the experiment and this could eliminate discrepancy caused by different reaction times among individuals. Secondly, the use of cork borer might ensure uniform sizes of potatoes so that the am ount of catalase would be relatively the same. Thirdly, stock H2O2 solution was wrapped to reduce unwanted decomposition under light. Fourthly, test tubes with potatoes were put into the water baths for a few minutes before adding H2O2 and this allowed the temperature of the content to reach that of the water baths. Lastly, no temperature was applied to tube E (at fashion temperature) and it acted as a control to show that the changes in activity of catalase resulted from changes in temperatures.From our results, enzyme activity is low at very low (0.5C) and high (61.2C) temperatures. At very low temperatures, substrate and enzyme molecules lack cleverness for collisions and hence top to catalase reactions and at very high temperatures, the alteration of the binding site of enzyme sets in and the denatured enzyme catalyses reactions with decreasing efficiency (Pang 1997, p.70). The optimum temperature for catalase activity was around 35.3C, as indicated by the peak in figure 2. T his agrees with the question conducted by Yumoto et al. (1999, p.67), in which catalase works the best at about 30C. However, this does not agree with our findings from figure 1 (optimum temperature at around 40C), whereas the peak activity occurs at 35.3C and 43.5C. This might be explained by the fact that first bubbling occurred within a few seconds on addition of H2O2 to potato and it was difficult to measure this time precisely. Therefore, the time taken for bubbling remained constant might be a better standard of our observational outcomes.As regards the observations, it is evident that the colourless gas bubbles are oxygen and the reason why potato sank to the bottom might be explained in terms of density. As dilute H2O2 solution was used, the density of solution can be assumed to be equal to water, which is approximately 0.9970gcm-3 at room temperature (Aylward Findlay 2008, p.154). It is reasonable to predict that potato is essentially denser than water and thus it sinks . However, the gassy oxygen produced on the surface of the potato can produce an convulsion to push the potato upwards (Goodwin 2002). Therefore the potato temporally floats on the surface. When the gaseous oxygen is discharged at the surface, the effect of density takes precedence again, causing the potato to sink.Despite of careful design of our protocol, some experimental errors could have arisen. The 8ml H2O2 was added on a 4ml basis by a pipettor and the timer was started at the first addition. In other words, the measured time could have differed from the actual one by several seconds. This inaccuracy might be improve by the use of graduated pipette so that the 8ml solution could be added via one addition without any delays. Moreover, we forgot to dry the test tubes completely in some of our trials and this could have caused dilution of the H2O2. This error could be fixed by the use of long cotton sticks to dry the inner parts of the test tubes. Further more than, the judg ements of whether or not the amount of bubbles remained relatively the same might be essential and this problem could be solved by addressing our focus on the loudness of oxygen evolved instead. For example, we might collect the oxygen over water and measure the volume of it every 30 seconds for 5 minutes with a graduated syringe (Morris 2006). In this way, we might achieve a better meter of the reaction rate. From this defect in the design, I realized the importance of consulting more sources rather than relying on our own knowledge as we lack subsist in experimental design.ConclusionIn conclusion, enzyme catalase exhibits low activity at low temperatures (0.5C) and high temperatures (61.2C). Its activity is the greatest at around 35C. The experimental set-up was generally satisfactory to minimize errors except of some defects such as the methodology in measuring the rate of the reaction. It is suggested that more look for should be done in designing the experimental protocol .